Original Zhao Bei Ten-Point Science

Because of the aging immune system, vaccines are less effective for the elderly. Scientists believe that it is more important and more widely used to develop drugs that can enhance the immune function of the elderly than to develop vaccines for the elderly.

Along with skin aging, there is also the immune system. | Figure worm creativity

Author | Doctor of Immunology, Zhao Bei

Recently, many deaths caused by influenza vaccine in Korea have attracted attention. As of October 31st, the death toll rose to 83, of which 71 were over 70 years old (accounting for 85.5%). In addition to the possible quality problems of the vaccine itself, it also reminds us of the fact that the role of the vaccine for young people and the elderly is different.

This is also a difficult point in the development of COVID19 vaccine.

Increasing age, and aging immune system

As people get older, we experience a series of physical changes, such as hearing loss, skin relaxation, joint injury and so on, and even the vitality of the immune system gradually decreases. This phenomenon is called "immune aging". This is also the reason why the elderly have become the main targets of infection and death in Covid-19.

In the face of the out-of-control epidemic in COVID-19, USA, and the emergence of the second round of epidemic peak in Europe, vaccine research and development is in full swing in various countries, which is expected to be a life-saving straw to reverse the situation.

However, vaccines, a means of "actively mobilizing the human immune system to prevent real virus attacks", are usually far less effective in the elderly population-the immune response of the elderly to vaccines is often weaker. That is, the immune system of the elderly is more difficult to be mobilized by vaccines.

This means that vaccines may not protect those who need protection most.

So, how does the immune system age?

Our bodies are naturally resistant to most pathogens. Although the environment is full of pathogens, we still live well most of the time.

The human immune system is divided into innate immunity and acquired immunity. The former is universal immunity. When the body encounters foreign objects (such as skin and mucous membrane), innate immunity will respond quickly. However, although it responds quickly, its ability is limited and it is often broken. For example, when it meets Covid-19, it can’t hold on.

The latter is the acquired immunity of the body, that is, for some pathogens that have not been seen before, the body must first fight with it and learn from it before it can gain immunity to it. The power of acquired immunity is very powerful. As long as the body can withstand the attack of pathogens in "learning" and meet the same pathogens in the future, it will not be a problem at all. For example, infectious diseases such as smallpox and chickenpox, if you get it once, you will generally not get it again.

When the body is invaded by foreign pathogens, such as viruses, innate immunity and acquired immunity will cooperate to resist.

In the innate immune system, immune cells, such as phagocytes and natural killer cells, will recognize or even devour the virus first, and secrete a large number of cytokines to summon more immune cells with different functions to join the battle. Some of these cells, such as phagocytes and dendritic cells, will also transmit the antigens of these viruses (substances that can cause antibody production) to the subsequent T cells and B cells, which are representatives of acquired immune cells.

T-cells and B-cells (shown here as antibodies produced by B-cells) are representatives of immune cells, and they are named after mature parts. The former is mature in thymus (English) and the latter is mature in bone marrow (English). Both are star immune cells. | Figure worm creativity

These two kinds of cells can not only produce antibodies and cytokines to quickly destroy the virus, but also form specific memory cells, so that they can respond quickly after encountering the same virus again.

When the immune system destroys the virus, immune cells will gather locally in the body, forming redness, swelling and heat pain, which is what we usually call inflammation. Proinflammatory factors secreted during this period, such as interleukin -1 and tumor necrosis factor α, can promote the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, but excessive inflammation may lead to cytokine storms and even life-threatening. Another kind of anti-inflammatory factor, such as interleukin -10, can prevent excessive inflammation and maintain the balance of the body environment.

These factors together constitute our immunity.

And what will happen to our immune function as we get older? What is the impact on vaccine development?

Compared with young people, the immune aging of the elderly is mainly manifested in two aspects:

The initial number of T cells and B cells decreased. Vaccine mainly stimulates B cells to produce antibodies. Only when there are a large number of B cells with high diversity of receptors in the body, the greater the probability of recognizing antigens, and the targeted (directional) antibodies and memory B cells can be formed. -The decrease of B cells will undoubtedly weaken this effect.

Chronic low-grade inflammation is easy to occur after vaccination. The aging and necrotic cells in the elderly can not be removed in time, which will stimulate the immune system continuously, causing immune cells (such as macrophages) to continuously secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the immune response cannot be terminated. The consequence is that the immune system can’t respond the next time the pathogenic microorganism attacks the human body, that is, immune dysfunction.

These lead to different effects of vaccines in the elderly and young people.

Vaccine research and development under "immune aging";

A special vaccine or an auxiliary drug to reverse aging?

For Covid-19, there are about 50 kinds of vaccines being tested in the world, but scientists are still not sure whether the vaccines are equally effective for the elderly.

One of the vaccines "mRNA-1273" being developed by Moderna, a biological company located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, produced antibody levels similar to those of younger subjects in 40 subjects over the age of 56.

However, Pfizer and BioNTech, pharmaceutical companies located in Mainz, Germany, found in the first phase of the experiment that the antibody level induced by the vaccine "BNT162b2" was only half that of young people. It is certain that the antibody level produced by the elderly after vaccination is higher than that caused by the virus infection of their peers, but this is still not enough to explain whether the antibody induced by "BNT162b2" is enough to protect the elderly from the real virus attack.

Most of the vaccines being developed have elderly subjects, but more than half of the 18 latest candidate vaccines have no elderly subjects in clinical trials, which greatly increases the potential risks of vaccines to the elderly.

Some vaccines are being developed, which may have hidden dangers for the elderly. | Figure worm creativity

Facing the phenomenon of immune aging of the elderly, scientists are also actively looking for strategies.

Mainly includes the following two aspects:

(1) The first is how to enhance the immune response of the elderly induced by vaccines.

According to the experience in the research and development of influenza vaccine, the elderly are usually treated by increasing immune stimulating components (such as adjuvants) or increasing the dose of virus antigen to achieve the expected antibody level.

Other scientists have turned to developing drugs to enhance the immune system function of the elderly, that is, supplementing drugs at the same time of vaccination. This way aims to promote the rejuvenation of the immune system of the elderly, even reverse immune aging, and can also resist the virus more effectively when it is infected.

In the above two schemes, the research on reversing age, especially immune aging, has made some progress. In the past 20 years, scientists have found some key small molecular targets. One kind of anti-aging drugs acts on the protein molecule mTOR in the cell growth regulation pathway. Experiments show that inhibiting the expression of mTOR can prolong the life of Drosophila and even mice.

Joan Mannick, one of the founders of resTORbio, a biotechnology company in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, said that "mTOR participates in many biological regulation mechanisms, especially the process of human aging and organ dysfunction".

During his work at Novartis Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Mannick published a study on mTOR protein in 2018, trying to answer the question "Can reducing the content of mTOR protein in the elderly improve the immune system function of the elderly?". 264 participants in the study received low-dose mTOR inhibitor or placebo respectively, and after six weeks, the infection rate of influenza virus and the effect of influenza vaccine were followed up. It was found that the number of people suffering from influenza in the elderly who received mTOR inhibitors decreased significantly, and the immune response caused by influenza vaccine was stronger.

Another study shows that mTOR inhibitor RTB101 can enhance the immune response of the elderly after coronavirus infection, and the elderly who receive mTOR inhibitor have lower coronavirus load and recover faster. At present, resTORbio is testing the preventive or therapeutic effect of RTB101 on Covid-19 infection in 550 elderly people over 65 years old in nursing homes.

In addition, at least four research teams are studying the therapeutic effect of rapamycin, another more mature mTOR inhibitor, on the elderly over 60 years old infected with COVID-19.

In addition, metformin, a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, also inhibits the activity of mTOR protein. Clinical data from China and the United States show that diabetic or obese patients who take metformin have less symptoms of Covid-19 infection and lower mortality.

Carolyn Bramante, a researcher at the University of Minnesota in the United States, pointed out that people with diabetes and obesity show immune deficiency very similar to that of the elderly. At present, Bramante and his colleagues are conducting a study involving 1,500 people to explore whether taking metformin can prevent Covid-19’s infection or alleviate its symptoms. Although the mechanism is not clear, decades of clinical data show that metformin has high safety, can be used in children and even pregnant women, and the cost is very low, which are the advantages of metformin.

(2) The second key is how to avoid causing or how to terminate chronic inflammatory reaction.

Studies have found that losmapimod, an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat muscular dystrophy, can inhibit chronic inflammatory response and improve the body’s response when viruses or bacteria invade. A biological company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA recruited 400 volunteers to verify the therapeutic effect of losmapimod on patients with COVID-19. The drug may be able to treat symptoms such as respiratory failure after Covid-19 infection, thus saving patients’ lives.

Many scientists say that it is more important to develop drugs to enhance the immune function of the elderly than to develop COVID-19 vaccine for the elderly, and the latter is more universal, which can improve the protection effect of influenza vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine and even other vaccines in the future. A deep understanding of immune aging and its regulation mechanism and the development of related drugs will also have far-reaching implications for the treatment of other diseases such as diabetes and cancer.

In short, although there are always difficulties in vaccine development, known or unknown, scientists have been working hard and believe that methods will always be found.

(Editor Gao Peiwen)

Original information:

Cassandra Willyard, Nature vol 586, 15.10.2020

Reference information:

1. Anderson E. J.et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 2020

2. Walsh E. E. etal., Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651 (2020)

3. Helfand B. K. I. et al., JAMA Intern. Med., 2020

4. Mannick J. B. et al., Sci. Transl. Med., 2020

5. Luo P. et al., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2020

6. Bramante, C. et al., Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.20135095(2020)

7. Vukmanovic-Stejic M. et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2018

The article was published by "Ten Points of Science" (ID: Science _ 10) WeChat official account, please indicate the source.

Original title: "Immune aging that cannot be underestimated: old age may lead to ineffective vaccines"

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Special feature of 1905 film network In the last shot, Tommy Tam handcuffed himself with Leslie Cheung’s handcuffs, and also handcuffed the originally broken Song brotherhood back; After 31 years, the first official poster is two handcuffed hands, and behind it is still about brotherhood.

　

*Intertextuality between the Final Scene of Hero and the Poster of Chasing.

　

Last Friday, "The True Color of Heroes" was released for more than 30 years, and it was restored for the first time in mainland China, and it monopolized 20 million box office in just three days. Many people go into the cinema to relive this classic Hong Kong film, perhaps for the sake of "brother" Leslie Cheung, perhaps for the sake of Mark with a long trench coat, or perhaps for the sake of enjoying John Woo’s violent aesthetics exclusively.

　

　

Then this Friday, the film Chasing officially landed in the cinema. This film is a Chinese gun battle film made by John Woo after 25 years. After the series, the master of violent aesthetics has gained more tenderness, which seems to be more appropriate to describe with his own debut, and it is a kind of "iron man’s tenderness" temperament.

　

Chasing is a master’s idolize

　

"I have always admired Gao Cangjian very much." Wu Yusen has said this sentence for more than ten times.

　

　

This sentence is not simply for film promotion, but a master’s heartfelt recognition of the actor superstar. In the early days, John Woo started to use Chow Yun Fat, just because of his similar temperament with Gao Cangjian. Even in the modeling of the film, letting Chow Yun Fat wear sunglasses and a trench coat is a tribute to Gao Cangjian.

　

It’s just a pity that John Woo, who has cooperated with Tom Cruise, Ben Affleck, Nicolas Cage and other first-line Hollywood actors, has never been able to form a cooperation with Gao Cangjian. Now, it is in memory of Gao Cangjian that the present Hunting is produced.

　

* The original "Crossing the River of Anger"

　

In fact, the process of winning the copyright of Hunting is also very bumpy. As the Japanese film "Chasing" was unwilling to sell the film copyright, Huanya directly bought the copyright of the original novel "Crossing the River of Anger" and found Wu Yusen, hoping to complete a new adaptation with his personal style. The views of both sides just fit, so this work came into being.

　

　

After all, the adaptation of this version of the story has become the most "difficult" thing. The original novel is a story that happened in the 1960s, and many events and events are out of date for the present. At the same time, there are also concerns that the audience will compare the two versions of the film. As a result, a team of seven screenwriters led by Chen Jiashang adapted the whole story into an escape story in a modern city.

　

Although from the film title signature, neither the scriptwriter, editor nor producer belongs to Wu Yusen, but the content style is still another extension of his "violent aesthetics", and the iconic symbols such as "Double Heroes" and "Dove" are all available.

　

After watching John Woo’s works in different periods for two weeks, I can feel that Wu Dao seems to have changed, but he seems to be the same John Woo who can successfully make Hollywood commercial movies.

Next page:The typical "double male" configuration remains the same.

With the popularization of HPV vaccine knowledge, many people want to be vaccinated with HPV vaccine. But how much do you know about HPV vaccine? What is the difference in the applicable population of HPV vaccines with different "prices"? In this regard, Chen Shouzhen, deputy director of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, summed up ten common questions and answered them to the majority of netizens.

What is HPV virus?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small double-stranded DNA virus, so it is called human papillomavirus because it only infects humans. There are more than 200 subtypes of HPV, which can be divided into high-risk type and low-risk type according to whether they are carcinogenic or not.

Low-risk type usually infects the skin and causes warts, commonly known as boils. Most of them can naturally subside in 3-5 years, and some may need laser, freezing and other methods to remove them.

There are about 15 HPV subtypes (HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73 and 82) that can cause malignant tumors such as cervical cancer, vaginal cancer and oropharyngeal cancer, so they are called high-risk HPV. Among them, HPV16/18 has the highest risk of cancer. About 70% of cervical cancer in the world is caused by high-risk HPV16 and 18, and 20% is caused by HPV31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. HPV16 types 16 and 18 are also associated with oropharyngeal cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, penile cancer and anal cancer.

Will HPV infection definitely lead to cancer?

Persistent infection of high-risk HPV will lead to cancer. More than 90% of HPV infections usually subside naturally within 2 years. If carcinogenic HPV infection lasts for more than 1 year, the possibility of precancerous or cancerous lesions will increase, but not all persistent infections will progress. Only less than 1% of infections will develop into cancer after 5 to 10 years of precancerous lesions. Therefore, even if there is HPV infection, it will not necessarily become cancer, but we should pay attention to the corresponding screening.

At present, there is no specific drug to treat HPV. Through regular screening, we can observe the situation of HPV infection, so that we can treat it at an appropriate time and reduce the risk of cancer.

Personal life is very healthy, how can you be infected with HPV?

HPV virus spreads in various ways.

It can be widely spread among people through skin contact, and more than 80% of women have been infected with HPV at least once in their lives. Sexual life is the main reason why HPV spreads around the anus and genitals. Sticking to the correct use of condoms can reduce the risk of HPV infection.

Generally speaking, there are many ways of HPV infection. At present, there is no good way to prevent HPV infection, but healthy living habits, such as quitting smoking and drinking, and wiping separately after going to the toilet may reduce the probability of HPV infection. Even if you are infected with HPV, you don’t have to be nervous, because most HPV infections can be monitored regularly after infection, and generally will naturally fade away soon.

How to prevent HPV transmission?

Vaccination with HPV vaccine can safely prevent cancer caused by persistent HPV infection.

Vaccination with tetravalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine can also prevent condyloma acuminatum, which is a benign disease, but the treatment failure rate is relatively high, affecting physical and mental health. Therefore, for the majority of women, it is very necessary to vaccinate HPV vaccine.

How to choose HPV vaccine?

At present, three different vaccines have been developed, which are divided into bivalent, tetravalent and nonavalent vaccines according to the number of HPV subtypes they target. Simply put, bivalent HPV vaccine is aimed at HPV types 16 and 18; The tetravalent HPV vaccine is aimed at HPV6, 11, 16 and 18; The nine-valent HPV vaccine not only targets the same HPV subtype as the four-valent vaccine, but also targets types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. At present, HPV vaccines are all preventive vaccines, aiming at preventing initial HPV infection and subsequent HPV-related diseases.

At present, many hospitals, from community medical service centers to tertiary hospitals, have HPV vaccines, and these HPV vaccines can be safely vaccinated. Because of limited resources, the queue time of nine-valent vaccine will be longer. If resources and funds are not a problem, it is recommended to vaccinate the nine-valent HPV vaccine. If there is no nine-valent HPV vaccine, tetravalent HPV vaccine and bivalent HPV vaccine are also good choices, because both vaccines cover the most dangerous types 16 and 18. Generally speaking, you should try to use the same vaccine preparation to complete vaccination. However, if you don’t know the original HPV vaccine dosage form, you can also use another HPV vaccine preparation to complete the subsequent vaccination.

At what age is it appropriate to get HPV vaccine?

At present, the recommended age of HPV vaccination in China is 9-45 years old. Most countries in the world recommend routine HPV vaccination at the age of 11-12, and some suggest starting from the age of 9. For teenagers and adults aged 13-26, replanting is also recommended if they have not been vaccinated with HPV vaccine or have not completed a series of vaccines.

Why don’t foreign countries recommend routine replanting for adults over 27 years old? This is because with the increase of age, the possibility of infection with subtypes covered by HPV vaccine is gradually increasing. For older people, the benefit and cost performance of HPV vaccination are low. However, research shows that there are two peaks of high-risk infection among women in China: 17-24 years old and 40-44 years old, and single HPV infection is the main infection. Considering the characteristics of female infection and the low coverage rate of cervical cancer screening, experts suggest that women aged 9-26 should be vaccinated with HPV, and women aged 27-45 should be vaccinated when conditions permit. Women over the age of 45 don’t have to worry. At this stage, the HPV vaccine is low in cost performance, and the standardized HPV screening is enough to prevent cancer.

In the recommended age range, the best time for HPV vaccination is before the first sexual intercourse, because HPV vaccine immunization is the most effective for individuals who are not infected with HPV. That is to say, the younger you are when you are vaccinated with HPV, the more the incidence of cervical cancer decreases.

Are there any side effects of vaccination?

Vaccination of HPV vaccine, like other vaccines, may have pain, swelling and erythema at the inoculation site. A few people may have syncope or dizziness, and there are some rare other side effects, which may be related to the adjuvant in the vaccine, so you can rest assured to vaccinate. In addition, HPV vaccine can be safely inoculated in different parts with other vaccines at the same time. At present, there is evidence that inoculation of tetanus, acellular pertussis, diphtheria and inactivated polio vaccine at the same time with HPV vaccine does not damage the immune effect of the body against HPV vaccine or other vaccines at the same time.

Because there is no relevant evidence, it is generally not recommended to vaccinate HPV during pregnancy. However, with the increase of the number of people vaccinated, more and more data about unintentional vaccination after pregnancy show that vaccination during pregnancy has no effect on the safety of mother and child. Nevertheless, the remaining vaccination should be postponed, and it is best for vaccinated women to get pregnant two months after the vaccination is completed. Vaccine does not affect the safety of breastfeeding, but at present, such data are limited, so it is necessary to carefully consider HPV vaccination for lactating women.

I have been infected with HPV before, can I still be vaccinated?

There is no need to evaluate whether you have been infected with HPV before vaccination. A history of abnormal cervical cancer screening, genital warts and HPV infection is not a taboo for HPV immunization. Because these conditions all suggest that HPV was infected in the past, but it is not necessarily HPV subtype infection covered by HPV vaccine. For people who have a history of HPV infection but are still within the recommended age range, vaccination is still recommended because it still has a protective effect on the uninfected vaccine strain HPV virus. However, for people who have been infected with the subtype covered by HPV vaccine, the benefits of immunization are small.

What if we miss the seeds? I have been vaccinated with bivalent or tetravalent HPV vaccine before. Do I need to replant with nine-valent HPV vaccine?

Missing seeds means that immunization is not carried out according to the schedule. At present, the evidence shows that no matter how long the series vaccination is interrupted, it can continue to vaccinate without restarting the series vaccination.

Now it is found that HPV vaccine has a long-lasting protective effect against HPV-related diseases, and there is no need for multiple cropping. For women who have already completed bivalent or tetravalent HPV vaccination, the benefit of using nine-valent vaccine for multiple inoculation may not be obvious, so it is not recommended.

After vaccination with HPV vaccine, can I avoid regular screening?

At present, HPV vaccine can only prevent infection. After vaccination, existing HPV infection, genital warts or precancerous lesions cannot be eliminated, and the vaccine can only prevent cervical cancer caused by seven subtypes at most. After injection of HPV vaccine, other subtypes of HPV may still be infected, which may lead to cancer. Therefore, cervical cancer screening is still needed after HPV vaccination.

On the evening of March 19th, the 2023 performance report was disclosed.

In 2023, the operating income reached 372.6 billion yuan, up 5.0% year-on-year, and the net profit returned to the mother reached 8.2 billion yuan, up 12% year-on-year, achieving double-digit increase for seven consecutive years; The return on net assets reached 5.1%, achieving a good level in recent years; The capital expenditure is 73.9 billion yuan, and the network investment shows an inflection point.

Over the past year, we have focused on the coordinated development of the two main businesses, successfully achieved effective improvement in quality and reasonable growth in quantity, and laid a solid foundation for long-term development. Behind this is always solidly promoting the deepening of the strategic system, focusing on both scale growth and value enhancement.

Responsible for the main business, fruitful business performance has reached a new high.　　

In recent years, with the promotion of national policies,Data application promotion, etc., the number of Internet users continues to expand.,It has promoted emerging forms such as artificial intelligence and big data to continuously empower the development of traditional industries.,The continuous emergence of industrial digital integration application results has promoted the continuous release of data traffic market demand. As a leading enterprise in the field of communication, it has ushered in broad development opportunities.

Under the wave of digital economy development,Actively embrace the strategic opportunities brought by the same frequency resonance between Chinese modernization and the new generation of digital revolution.In 2023, innovation and transformation will continue to deepen. The business of computing network and intelligence realized a revenue of 75.2 billion yuan, which brought more than half of the new income to the company.

Among them, "Unicom Cloud" business continued to grow steadily, achieving a revenue of 51 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 41.6%. The sales of cloud resources exceeded one million cores, a year-on-year increase of 186%, and the coverage of cloud resources has exceeded 230 cities. In 2023, innovations were made in technological innovation and ecological co-construction, the level of independent research and development was further improved, and the dual-engine bases of "virtualization" and "cloud native" were continuously optimized. More than 3,300 sets of self-developed operating system CULinux2.2 were deployed.

With the empowerment of 5G technology, the large-scale development of digital intelligence applications has also achieved remarkable results. There are 30,000 application projects in the 5G industry, covering 71 categories of the national economy, serving over 8,500 customers of 5G private networks, and forming a leading edge in key industries such as industrial Internet, digital government and car networking.

In the 2024 work conference, it was pointed out that it is necessary to solidly promote high-level security. In the past year, we focused on key directions such as network security, data security and information security, and strengthened the strategic business layout of big security. Not only did it build the first digital security operation center for super-large cities in China for customers, but it also landed more than 50 benchmark projects, and actively promoted open cooperation in security ecology, supporting the growth of network security income by 120% year-on-year.

Today, the industry share of data services has exceeded 50% for five consecutive years, leading the industry. With the rapid development of the network intelligence service, the network communication service has also made steady progress.

In 2023, the revenue of networked communication business was 244.6 billion yuan, and the scale of connection was further expanded, with more than 1 billion networked communication users, an increase of about 140 million compared with the end of 2022. Among them, the number of mobile users reached 333 million. In 2023, the net increase of users increased by 90% year-on-year, and the penetration rate of 5G package users also increased by 12 percentage points to 78% compared with last year. The "basic disk" was further consolidated.

Scientific and technological innovation speeds up and the dividend level reaches a record high.

This year’s government work report not only clearly puts forward "vigorously developing the digital economy", but also puts forward clear requirements for "accelerating the development of new quality productive forces" and "promoting industrial innovation with scientific and technological innovation". As one of the three major operators, it is timely and timely to develop new quality productivity.

It is said that the field of artificial intelligence has become an important strategic direction. The company is accelerating the layout of emerging industries of artificial intelligence, combining its advantages in computing network infrastructure, rich business scenarios and extensive customer contacts, and making efforts to create a large model development and application paradigm with Unicom characteristics. At the Mobile World Congress, the "Yuanjing" large model system was launched, and multi-parameter versions were arranged according to different functional requirements to promote the large model to better empower the real economy application scenarios. Relevant achievements were selected as "Wu Wenjun Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology Award", and the innovation ability was further enhanced.

At the same time, it is emphasized that the overall layout of satellite communication will be further accelerated in the later period, and the industrialization and systematic development of integrated communication between heaven and earth will be actively promoted.

In 2023, we will actively promote key core technology research, focus on promoting industrial innovation with scientific and technological innovation, and continuously enhance core competitiveness. During the year, 2,287 patents were granted, up 37% year-on-year, and attention was paid to the construction of scientific and technological innovation talents, whose proportion reached 40%. Standing at a new starting point, scientific and technological innovation has been further intensified, and it has actively become a national strategic scientific and technological force and a "vanguard" for developing new quality productive forces.

With the arrival of the computing power era, the long-term prospects of the company are further optimistic by investors. It also actively gives back to the trust and support of investors. The annual report shows that in 2023, the final dividend per share will be 0.0524 yuan (including tax), together with the already distributed interim dividend of 0.0796 yuan per share, and the total annual dividend per share will be 0.132 yuan, up 21.1% year-on-year, significantly higher than the growth of basic earnings per share of 11.5%, and the cash dividend level will reach a record high.

Talking about the key work in 2024, Chairman Chen Zhongyue said that he would persist in striving for progress while maintaining stability, and thoroughly implement the five strategies of strengthening enterprises through science and technology, talents, reform, digital intelligence and brand, and thoroughly implement the nine key action plans of networking communication development, computer network integration development, digital intelligence application development, internationalization development, big data innovation, artificial intelligence innovation, new digital infrastructure, high-quality service and network information security, and accelerate to become. We are confident that we will continue to maintain steady growth in operating income and double-digit growth in total profits.

Recently, a doctor in Rizhao City, Shandong Province was arrested for allegedly broadcasting gynecological surgery clips online, which aroused social concern and boarded a hot search. On the evening of 18th, WeChat official account, WeChat of Donggang Branch of Rizhao Public Security Bureau issued a briefing: At about 16: 00 on January 18th, 2022, Donggang Branch of Rizhao Public Security Bureau received a report from the masses that a doctor was suspected of broadcasting a video of gynecological surgery online, so it immediately investigated the relevant personnel of the hospital involved and arrested Li Mou, the doctor involved, at about 18: 00.

In response, bilibili said: After internal verification, the studio was repeatedly warned and cut off during the live broadcast on January 15th, and then it was permanently banned. At present, we have reported to the public security organs and will actively cooperate with the police to carry out investigation and evidence collection.

Coincidentally, on January 17th, some netizens revealed that some users uploaded surveillance videos in bilibili that were suspected to be obtained after cracking cameras in public places.

Judging from the live screen shots, these live images should come from surveillance cameras in public places such as schools and hospitals. Netizens suspect that there are gangs specializing in cracking surveillance videos in schools, hospitals and other public places, which are used for live broadcast to attract traffic and attract users to pay for it.

In view of this situation, bilibili official Weibo issued a handling notice on January 17th: "Today, we received a report from a user that someone suspected of using illegal means to crack the camera and upload a video surveillance screen to bilibili. We organized the investigation for the first time and removed the relevant content. "

Bilibili said that this kind of behavior is a serious violation of personal privacy, which is illegal. Once found, it will be dealt with seriously according to law. If users find such content, please contact online customer service immediately.

In this regard, netizens questioned the effectiveness of bilibili’s audit mechanism. Why do users need to find problems and bilibili will deal with them? A live broadcast of a problem like a doctor’s live broadcast of gynecological surgery, when discovered by users, has actually caused privacy leakage and spread of problems. Is it necessary for bilibili to do this kind of thing all the time?

Upstream Xiaobian consulted bilibili customer service about the standards and principles of live audit, but did not receive a response.

In this regard, some people in the industry said that because the live content belongs to real-time streaming media, the platform can’t review the "content that hasn’t happened". Therefore, before the broadcast of the anchor, the anchor is generally required to sign a live broadcast specification agreement. "In fact, it is the responsibility to move forward and tell the anchor what content is illegal and can’t be broadcast, and the punishment that will be faced after the live broadcast is illegal. As long as the anchor broadcasts, it means recognition and consent." The source said that at present, the live broadcast industry adopts this method, so whether the live broadcast content is illegal or not can basically only rely on the anchor’s consciousness. What the platform can do is only to conduct audit and supervision during the live broadcast.

The above-mentioned person further introduced that at present, the audit in live broadcast mainly adopts the combination of AI audit and manual audit.

AI audit is to take screenshots of live pictures at regular intervals, and then intelligently identify the pictures. "AI audit can’t accurately understand the live content, and the recognition accuracy of illegal pictures will be different according to the AI ? ? engine used." The source said that the higher the recognition rate and the faster the recognition speed, the higher the AI deployment cost, which puts higher demands on the funds of the live broadcast platform, and it is difficult for some small platforms to bear high technical costs.

The upstream Xiaobian search "AI Audit" found that many companies in China have developed related software and platforms. Some of these platforms clearly stated in the introduction to the live AI audit that "screenshots are supported".

"To accurately identify whether the live content is illegal, manual review is the most reliable." The above-mentioned people said that bilibili had always been famous for its strict auditing, because it was rumored in the industry that bilibili was fully audited manually. "But the biggest drawback of manual auditing is its slow speed." He explained that the mainstream live broadcast platform has thousands of live broadcast rooms at the same time, but it is impossible for the platform to be equipped with so many auditors. Therefore, when the manual audit finds problems, the illegal live broadcast content may have been broadcast for some time. "This is why bilibili encourages users to report, which is equivalent to asking users to be free auditors." The person said.

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　　In 2018, a realistic Dying to Survive hit a 3.1 billion summer box office champion. While countless people are sighing and moving, how to make the "sky-high life-saving medicine" accessible to ordinary patients has become a topic of general public concern.

　　The leukemia drug in this film — — Gleevec (imatinib mesylate) is a microcosm of high-priced drugs. This drug developed by Novartis Pharmaceutical entered China in early 2004, and the price of the original drug was as high as.23,500 yuan(120 tablets/box).

　　According to the first financial reporter, in the past decade, more and more manufacturers have entered the market of leukemia treatment drugs, making the price of this "life-saving medicine" drop again and again.

　　According to the data of CHIS kaisi system of Zhongkang Technology, the retail terminal price of Gleevec has been declining in the past three years, and the retail market price in 2022 will be6449.32 yuan. The reporter saw on an e-commerce platform on July 22 that the price of Gleevec’s original drug was mostly1700 yuan ~1800 yuanBetween

　　With the approval of more and more domestic generic drugs, the lowest price of domestic imatinib mesylate tablets has dropped to.144 yuan/boxIt is about 1.2% of the original price of the drug. At present, the sales price of Gleevec on the e-commerce platform is more than 1,700 yuan, which is nearly 90% lower than when Novartis first entered the China market.

　　The price of "life-saving medicine" continues to drop.

　　On July 19th, Hubei Provincial Medical Insurance Bureau posted a Notice on Publicizing the Information about the First to Fifth Batch of Non-selected Varieties in Centralized Drug Purchase by the State Organization, which stated that the first to fifth batches of centralized drug purchase by the State Organization had been carried out with the non-selected varieties under the generic name over-evaluated, the online price adjusted, the online suspension and the handling of complaints. On this basis, the medical insurance payment standard and other related work were drawn up, and a list of non-selected varieties to be online was formed. The publicity date of this list is from July 19 to July 23, 2023.

　　The online price of drugs refers to the published price of drugs on the centralized procurement platform of medical equipment in Hubei Province for the procurement of public medical institutions in the province. According to the regulations, all public medical institutions in Wuhan must purchase the drugs that have been hung on the net through the provincial centralized procurement platform for medical equipment when implementing the online procurement policy, and must not purchase from offline and other non-prescribed channels. The price of drugs hanging on the net is the highest price limit of public medical institutions in the city.

　　The list of the first batch of non-selected varieties to be hung on the net shows that there are6 imatinib mesylateAmong them, in addition to the original research drug Novartis Pharmaceutical, there are also five models, namely Zhengda Tianqing, Jiangsu Haosen, Qilu Pharmaceutical, Chongqing Yaoyou and Sinopharm Yixin, all of which have been evaluated.

　　In terms of price, the highest hanging net is still Gleevec.7182 yuan. Zhengda Tianqing, Jiangsu Haosen, Qilu Pharmaceutical and Sinopharm are all interested in imatinib mesylate. The online price is only.More than 500Yuan.

　　Even if the net price is 7,182 yuan, the price of the original drug Gleevec has dropped by nearly 40% compared with 23,500 yuan (120 tablets/box) when it first entered the China market.

　　According to the data of CHIS kaisi system of Zhongkang Technology, although the price of Gleevec in the hospital has remained at around 7182 yuan in the past three years, the price of retail terminals has been declining. In 2022, the retail market price will be6449.32 yuan.

　　The reporter’s search for "imatinib mesylate" on an e-commerce platform shows that the price of Gleevec’s original drug is only 0.1g*60 tablets/box as the standard in most pharmacies.1700 yuan ~1800 yuanBetween, and the price of domestic medicine is in500 yuanAbout. For example, the price of Xinwei tablets in Jiangsu Haosen is 430 yuan, the price of Genico capsules in Zhengda Tianqing is 441.88 yuan, and the lowest price is Shengdika tablets produced by Chongqing Shenghuaxi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., with an estimated hand price of 144 yuan.

　　nineDomestic companies were approved for production.

　　More and more cheap domestic "life-saving drugs" appeared, which was related to the end of the protection period of the compound patent of imatinib in China in April 2013, and domestic generic drugs began to be produced and listed.

　　From June 2013 to October 2014, three domestic generic drugs of Jiangsu Haosen, Zhengda Tianqing and Shiyao Ouyi obtained production approval. Because the efficacy of generic drugs has not been verified, the original drug of Novartis, Gleevec, still occupied most of the market. According to public data, in 2016, imatinib mesylate tablets sold more than 4 billion US dollars worldwide.

　　The competitiveness of domestic drugs began to improve after 2018. From 2018 to 2020, the above three drugs passed the consistency evaluation successively. On July 5, 2018, Jiangsu Haosen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. said that it had received the Approval Document for Supplementary Application of Imatinib, a chemical drug approved and issued by National Medical Products Administration, and the National Drug Testing Center recommended that it pass the consistency evaluation, making it the first enterprise to pass the consistency evaluation of this drug.

　　Overevaluation means that drugs have reached the passing line in quality and efficacy, and generic drugs have become more competitive. In September 2018, Hansen Pharmaceutical (Haosen Pharmaceutical) disclosed the prospectus for listing in Hong Kong, showing that the sales revenue of the core product imatinib mesylate in 2017 was RMB 2.5 billion, up by 7.3% since 2016, and up to June 30, 2018, up by 34.5% compared with the same period of last year.

　　With the entry of imatinib mesylate tablets into the medical insurance catalogue in 2017, more manufacturers entered this field. National Medical Products Administration website shows that the domestic imatinib mesylateNine manufacturers have been approved.Unacon Ouyi Pharmaceutical, Zhengda Tianqing, Qilu Pharmaceutical, Shenzhen Xinlitai Pharmaceutical, Chongqing Yaoyou Pharmaceutical, Lianyungang Runzhong Pharmaceutical, Shanghai Nuochuang Pharmaceutical, Fujian Nanfang Pharmaceutical and Chongqing Shenghuaxi Pharmaceutical, among which Shanghai Nuochuang Pharmaceutical and Fujian Nanfang Pharmaceutical successivelyMay and June this yearJust approved.

　　What followed was that prices kept falling.

　　In 2018, imatinib mesylate tablets of Jiangsu Haosen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. won the bid in four municipalities directly under the Central Government, including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing, and 11 cities (referred to as "4+7" cities) including Shenyang, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Xi ‘an, with the winning price of 623.82 yuan per box. In 2019, the "4+7" procurement expanded, and Zhengda Tianqing won the bid at a price of 586.39 yuan, further reducing the price of this drug.

　　In August, 2022, Shanghai issued a price adjustment notice, and the adjusted purchase price of imatinib mesylate tablets produced by Shiyao Ouyi has dropped to 180 yuan/box.

　　The lower price of domestic drugs also impacts the price of original drugs.

　　In 2018, the joint bargaining of imported anticancer drugs in 14 provinces including Shaanxi was completed, and 47 anticancer drugs including Gleevec were successfully negotiated. According to the announcement, the bargaining result of Gleevec’s specification of 0.1g*60 tablets was 9998 yuan.

　　In 2019, according to the previous report of CBN, the price of the original drug Gleevec in Shanghai has dropped to 7182 yuan/box, which is about 30% lower than the market price of around 11,000 yuan at that time.

　　New progress

　　It is worth mentioning that with the increase of drug resistance caused by long-term medication, Gleevec’s R&D iteration has also attracted much attention.

　　The second and third generation BCR-ABL inhibitors have been developed in order to solve the drug resistance problem and improve the safety. Dashatinib from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Nilotinib from Novartis were introduced one after another, which made the second generation BCR-ABL inhibitors gradually occupy an important position in the first-line and second-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. However, the problem of drug resistance still exists during the use of the second generation BCR-ABL inhibitors.

　　In November, 2021, Nilik, known as the "third generation Gleevec" made in China, was approved for marketing in National Medical Products Administration, China, and was used to treat adult patients who were resistant to any tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and were diagnosed as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with T315I mutation in chronic phase (CP) or accelerated phase (AP) by fully verified detection methods.

　　This year, on July 6th, Yasheng Medical Officer Wei announced that Nilik had obtained the clinical trial permission from National Medical Products Administration Drug Evaluation Center, and would carry out a key registered phase III clinical trial of combined chemotherapy compared with imatinib combined chemotherapy in the treatment of newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (referred to as "Ph+ALL").

　　At the end of 2022, Novartis decided not to be responsible for the sales promotion of Gleevec in China.

　　The official micro-display of Sinopharm Holdings shows that from January 1, 2023, Sinopharm Holdings officially obtained the commercial promotion right of Novartis Gleevec in China market. Xie Jiong, director of the Drug Shield Public Welfare Fund, said in an interview with the media that for many drugs, it is necessary to adjust the inherent marketing model after a certain development cycle, so as to drive the second peak of sales. This will not only prolong the life cycle of drug sales, but also greatly enhance the accessibility of drugs and benefit a wider range of patients.

　　Our reporter Lin Zhiyin also contributed to this article.

　◆ 2011 model:229,800 ~ 369,800 yuan

　　At the Guangzhou Auto Show,The 2011 Subaru Forester was officially launched. The new cars listed this time involve 11 models with 2.0-liter naturally aspirated and 2.5-liter powertrain, and the price range is22.98-36.98 million yuan.The engine of the 2011 Forester has been slightly modified, and the fuel economy has been improved.

　　In terms of power, the 2011 Subaru Forester 2.5T model,It is equipped with Subaru’s brand-new turbocharged 2.5-liter DOHC horizontally opposed four-cylinder engine, with a maximum power of 230 HP and a maximum torque of 330 N m. Although there is not much improvement in power, the fuel economy of the new engine has been improved by 10%, and the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers in official cities/high-speed conditions has reached 11.2/8.7 liters respectively.

　　Listing articles:

　　229,800 yuan has been listed at the 2011 Forester Guangzhou Auto Show.
　　//www.autohome.com.cn/news/201012/161287.html

◆ New/Great Scenery:21.28 ~ 238,800 yuan

　　Renault’s third-generation scenery and grand scenery have been officially listed at the Guangzhou Auto Show. The listing involves a total of three models, and the price range is21.28-23.88 millionYuan. The new landscape series mainly focuses on improving the functionality of the car, while the appearance continues to adhere to the design style of the series.

　　In terms of power, Renault New Scenery/Grand Scenery is equipped with the old 2.0L inline four-cylinder engine, but it has been adjusted, with an increase of 4 horsepower, reaching 140 horsepower, and the transmission has also been upgraded from the original 4-speed automatic manual transmission to the transmission. Like the old models, the new scenery has a lot of storage space. In addition to the storage compartments everywhere in the cabin, the foldable seats also provide a larger place for storing more items.

　　Listing articles:

　　Sell 212,800-238,800 yuan for new scenery/big scenery listing.
　　http://www.autohome.com.cn/news/101220/161662.html

　　[car home New Car Launch] On October 10th, Tucki P7+ was officially unveiled. Previously, at the Yunqi Conference in 2024, He Xiaopeng, chairman of Xpeng Motors, made his debut driving the P7+, which was officially positioned as the first AI car in China. At the press conference, He Xiaopeng said that Xpeng Motors will be a global AI car company in the next 10 years. Tucki P7+ is the first vehicle equipped with Tucki’s new generation of autopilot hardware platform.Tucki P7+ will start the pre-sale at the Paris Motor Show on October 14th, announce the pre-sale price, go on the market in early November, announce the official price and start the delivery.At present, the exhibition cars have arrived in stores all over the country. At present, P7+ has completed trial-production and climbing, and has been mass-produced and stocked in advance.

● New car features

The front face is cooler, the back is more handsome, and the space is more surprising.

　　In terms of appearance, the new car still retains the family style in design, and the familiar Robot Face front face and the penetrating LED strip are very recognizable. Then the shape of the lower lamp group is extended, forming an "X" feeling with the penetrating lamp group. At the same time, the shape of the front of the car is sharper, especially the rib line on the hood, which makes the Tucki P7+ have a more sense of diving movement.

　　In terms of body size, the length, width and height of the new car are 5056/1937/1512mm and the wheelbase is 3000mm, which is the largest car of Tucki brand at present, especially in length and height, and it has advantages compared with the coupe of the same class. The drag coefficient of new car is Cd0.206.

　　On the side of the car body, Tucki P7+ adopts a slip-back shape, and the rear part creates a double-layer effect through a spoiler. The double-layer tail design and the length of the car exceeding 5 meters not only have excellent back-sliding posture, but also take into account the interior space. The rearview mirror is equipped with AI intelligent driving indicator. Another key point at the rear of the car is the taillight, which adopts a simple through-line style, which is more in line with the simple and technological parking space, and then the lower enclosure is more sporty. In tyre size, the low allocation is 235/60 R18 and the high allocation is 255/45 R20. The new car has five exterior colors, such as crescent silver, nebula white, dark night black, sunset purple and Yun Bei rice.

Full of details, the interior is focused on small thoughts.

　　As for the interior, the interior of Tucki P7+ adopts the family style, which is basically the same as that of Tucki X9, and the whole is simple and scientific. The central multimedia screen is 15.6 inches, with built-in Qualcomm 8295P chip and equipped with AI Tianji intelligent system. At the same time, there are two 50W mobile phone wireless charging panels under the central control. In terms of other configurations, 20 hi-fi HIFI stereos support 7.1.4 panoramic surround sound, and three luxury car fragrances, star waterfall atmosphere lights and panoramic canopy are standard.

　　The comfort of Tucki P7+ is also a surprise. The rear space performs well, and the rear seats support the electric adjustment of the back of the chair. The four seats in the whole car are equipped with ventilation, heating and massage functions as standard. There is also an 8-inch screen in front of the rear row, which can control the entertainment system, rear seats and air conditioning. On the right side of the back row, there is also a small table board, which is a rare bonus item at the same level.

　　Slip-back design and hatchback opening, the trunk opening of Tucki P7+ is very large, and the depth is also long enough. The opening length is 1.04M, the depth is 1.14, and the width is 1.1, so the space performance is good. At the same time, the rear seats support a 4/6 ratio, and then there is room for hiding under the floor. The trunk space is 725L, and the rear seat back space is 2221L.

AI eagle-eye vision intelligent driving, pure vision scheme is more far-sighted?

　　In terms of intelligent driving, Tucki P7+ is equipped with a brand-new intelligent driving scheme-Tucki AI Hawkeye Vision Scheme, and its biggest change lies in the improvement of perception and recognition speed. According to official propaganda, the perception distance of this Hawkeye Vision Scheme has increased by 125%, and the recognition speed has increased by 40%. At the same time, the scheme is the first in the industry to adopt single-pixel LOFIC architecture, which is not afraid of dark light, backlight and large light difference.

　　The new car comes standard with dual Orin-X chips, and its computing power reaches 508TOPS. All the cars come standard with AI intelligent driving capability. The software is free of charge and subscription, and the end-to-end big model is fully applied. Tucki P7+ is equipped with AI Tianji XOS 5.4.0, which supports 0-speed activation and in-situ startup of XNGP, and can be used immediately after delivery.

　　In terms of power, according to the previous application information, the new car only has a single motor version, with the maximum power of 180kW and 230kW respectively and the maximum speed of 200 km/h. In terms of pure electric cruising range, P7+ is equipped with lithium iron phosphate battery pack, providing battery packs of 60.7kWh and 76.3kWh, corresponding to pure electric cruising range of 620km and 710km. Suspension structure front double wishbone rear multi-link independent suspension.

● Edit comments

　　Tucki P7+ is another masterpiece of Tucki after MONA M03, and P7+ is a more important heavy new car. After all, this level must show its strength and technology. Obviously, Tucki P7+ has shown a lot of things, and the new design has jumped out of the previous template, making it bigger and more handsome. Then there is a new visual intelligent driving scheme and smarter AI gameplay. Finally, it depends on the price. If we can surprise everyone like MONA M03, Tucki P7+ should make the name P7 more brilliant. (Compile/car home Chen Chi)

The cost of panda’s later car use is a concern of its potential consumers. The strength of the car still needs to be understood before we know, so let’s take a look.

Let’s take a look at the appearance of the panda first. The whole front face of the panda looks more capable and unforgettable. Coupled with the stylish headlights, it is very streamlined. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, delayed shutdown and so on. Coming to the car side, the car body size is 3135MM*1565MM*1655MM, the car adopts angular lines, and the car side presents a dignified design style, with large-sized thick-walled tires, and smooth lines run through the whole car side. In the design of the rear end, the rear end looks fashionable and simple, and the taillights look very sharp and streamlined.

When I came to the panda car, the panda interior design was more sporty, which reflected the sense of design. The steering wheel of the car is well designed and made of plastic, and its practicality and face value are not bad. Take a look at the central control. The car is equipped with a touch-sensitive LCD central control screen, which makes the interior style impressive and looks simple and fashionable. The dashboard and seats give people a good feeling, too. Let’s take a look. It’s full of technology. The car uses leather seats, which are wide and thick and very comfortable to ride.

Panda is equipped with a motor with a total power of 30KW and a total torque of 110N.m It has good acceleration, excellent cruising range and good power performance.

The space performance of the panda trunk is not bad. After putting down the rear seats, it can further expand the space, and its carrying capacity is great enough to meet daily household needs. At the same time, the car is equipped with anti-lock braking system (ABS), LED daytime running lights, braking force distribution (EBD), main driving airbag and other safety configurations.

OK！ Next, let’s sum up. The car introduced today is remarkable in terms of space, configuration and power, and home travel is also a good helper.

The demand for China’s "gutter oil" is increasing in the United States, Europe and Singapore, mainly for the development of biofuels. However, the global demand for biofuels is huge, and even if all the waste edible oil in China is utilized, it cannot be fully met.

According to the customs data of China, in 2023, China exported more than 2 million tons of waste edible oil, accounting for more than half of the total domestic production, a record high. Since last year, China has become the world’s largest exporter of waste edible oil. From January to July this year, China has exported 1.58 million tons of waste edible oil, an increase from 1.02 million tons in the same period last year. According to a report released by the General Administration of Customs of China, in July, China exported 176,800 tons of waste edible oil, and the main importing countries included the United States, Singapore and Indonesia.

Waste edible oil imported from these countries is mainly used to produce biofuels. Whether it is ester-based biodiesel, hydrocarbon-based biodiesel or sustainable aviation fuel, waste edible oil is a key raw material. Biofuels are favored by countries because of their renewability and environmental friendliness. Waste oils and fats will produce greenhouse gases in the process of natural consumption, but if recycled, it will not only produce economic value but also reduce carbon emissions. For example, the carbon emission reduction effect of ester-based biodiesel is about 60% to 70%, while that of hydrocarbon-based biodiesel can reach about 80%.

The International Air Transport Association requires the aviation industry to achieve zero net carbon emissions by 2050, and stipulates that aircraft should be powered by 100% sustainable aviation fuel, hydrogen or batteries. China’s waste edible oil is exported not only directly, but also in the form of refined biodiesel. In 2023, China’s biodiesel exports to the EU reached an all-time high of 1.8 million tons, of which the Netherlands was the largest importer, followed by Belgium and Spain.