Original Zhao Bei Ten-Point Science

Because of the aging immune system, vaccines are less effective for the elderly. Scientists believe that it is more important and more widely used to develop drugs that can enhance the immune function of the elderly than to develop vaccines for the elderly.

Along with skin aging, there is also the immune system. | Figure worm creativity

Author | Doctor of Immunology, Zhao Bei

Recently, many deaths caused by influenza vaccine in Korea have attracted attention. As of October 31st, the death toll rose to 83, of which 71 were over 70 years old (accounting for 85.5%). In addition to the possible quality problems of the vaccine itself, it also reminds us of the fact that the role of the vaccine for young people and the elderly is different.

This is also a difficult point in the development of COVID19 vaccine.

Increasing age, and aging immune system

As people get older, we experience a series of physical changes, such as hearing loss, skin relaxation, joint injury and so on, and even the vitality of the immune system gradually decreases. This phenomenon is called "immune aging". This is also the reason why the elderly have become the main targets of infection and death in Covid-19.

In the face of the out-of-control epidemic in COVID-19, USA, and the emergence of the second round of epidemic peak in Europe, vaccine research and development is in full swing in various countries, which is expected to be a life-saving straw to reverse the situation.

However, vaccines, a means of "actively mobilizing the human immune system to prevent real virus attacks", are usually far less effective in the elderly population-the immune response of the elderly to vaccines is often weaker. That is, the immune system of the elderly is more difficult to be mobilized by vaccines.

This means that vaccines may not protect those who need protection most.

So, how does the immune system age?

Our bodies are naturally resistant to most pathogens. Although the environment is full of pathogens, we still live well most of the time.

The human immune system is divided into innate immunity and acquired immunity. The former is universal immunity. When the body encounters foreign objects (such as skin and mucous membrane), innate immunity will respond quickly. However, although it responds quickly, its ability is limited and it is often broken. For example, when it meets Covid-19, it can’t hold on.

The latter is the acquired immunity of the body, that is, for some pathogens that have not been seen before, the body must first fight with it and learn from it before it can gain immunity to it. The power of acquired immunity is very powerful. As long as the body can withstand the attack of pathogens in "learning" and meet the same pathogens in the future, it will not be a problem at all. For example, infectious diseases such as smallpox and chickenpox, if you get it once, you will generally not get it again.

When the body is invaded by foreign pathogens, such as viruses, innate immunity and acquired immunity will cooperate to resist.

In the innate immune system, immune cells, such as phagocytes and natural killer cells, will recognize or even devour the virus first, and secrete a large number of cytokines to summon more immune cells with different functions to join the battle. Some of these cells, such as phagocytes and dendritic cells, will also transmit the antigens of these viruses (substances that can cause antibody production) to the subsequent T cells and B cells, which are representatives of acquired immune cells.

T-cells and B-cells (shown here as antibodies produced by B-cells) are representatives of immune cells, and they are named after mature parts. The former is mature in thymus (English) and the latter is mature in bone marrow (English). Both are star immune cells. | Figure worm creativity

These two kinds of cells can not only produce antibodies and cytokines to quickly destroy the virus, but also form specific memory cells, so that they can respond quickly after encountering the same virus again.

When the immune system destroys the virus, immune cells will gather locally in the body, forming redness, swelling and heat pain, which is what we usually call inflammation. Proinflammatory factors secreted during this period, such as interleukin -1 and tumor necrosis factor α, can promote the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, but excessive inflammation may lead to cytokine storms and even life-threatening. Another kind of anti-inflammatory factor, such as interleukin -10, can prevent excessive inflammation and maintain the balance of the body environment.

These factors together constitute our immunity.

And what will happen to our immune function as we get older? What is the impact on vaccine development?

Compared with young people, the immune aging of the elderly is mainly manifested in two aspects:

The initial number of T cells and B cells decreased. Vaccine mainly stimulates B cells to produce antibodies. Only when there are a large number of B cells with high diversity of receptors in the body, the greater the probability of recognizing antigens, and the targeted (directional) antibodies and memory B cells can be formed. -The decrease of B cells will undoubtedly weaken this effect.

Chronic low-grade inflammation is easy to occur after vaccination. The aging and necrotic cells in the elderly can not be removed in time, which will stimulate the immune system continuously, causing immune cells (such as macrophages) to continuously secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the immune response cannot be terminated. The consequence is that the immune system can’t respond the next time the pathogenic microorganism attacks the human body, that is, immune dysfunction.

These lead to different effects of vaccines in the elderly and young people.

Vaccine research and development under "immune aging";

A special vaccine or an auxiliary drug to reverse aging?

For Covid-19, there are about 50 kinds of vaccines being tested in the world, but scientists are still not sure whether the vaccines are equally effective for the elderly.

One of the vaccines "mRNA-1273" being developed by Moderna, a biological company located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, produced antibody levels similar to those of younger subjects in 40 subjects over the age of 56.

However, Pfizer and BioNTech, pharmaceutical companies located in Mainz, Germany, found in the first phase of the experiment that the antibody level induced by the vaccine "BNT162b2" was only half that of young people. It is certain that the antibody level produced by the elderly after vaccination is higher than that caused by the virus infection of their peers, but this is still not enough to explain whether the antibody induced by "BNT162b2" is enough to protect the elderly from the real virus attack.

Most of the vaccines being developed have elderly subjects, but more than half of the 18 latest candidate vaccines have no elderly subjects in clinical trials, which greatly increases the potential risks of vaccines to the elderly.

Some vaccines are being developed, which may have hidden dangers for the elderly. | Figure worm creativity

Facing the phenomenon of immune aging of the elderly, scientists are also actively looking for strategies.

Mainly includes the following two aspects:

(1) The first is how to enhance the immune response of the elderly induced by vaccines.

According to the experience in the research and development of influenza vaccine, the elderly are usually treated by increasing immune stimulating components (such as adjuvants) or increasing the dose of virus antigen to achieve the expected antibody level.

Other scientists have turned to developing drugs to enhance the immune system function of the elderly, that is, supplementing drugs at the same time of vaccination. This way aims to promote the rejuvenation of the immune system of the elderly, even reverse immune aging, and can also resist the virus more effectively when it is infected.

In the above two schemes, the research on reversing age, especially immune aging, has made some progress. In the past 20 years, scientists have found some key small molecular targets. One kind of anti-aging drugs acts on the protein molecule mTOR in the cell growth regulation pathway. Experiments show that inhibiting the expression of mTOR can prolong the life of Drosophila and even mice.

Joan Mannick, one of the founders of resTORbio, a biotechnology company in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, said that "mTOR participates in many biological regulation mechanisms, especially the process of human aging and organ dysfunction".

During his work at Novartis Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Mannick published a study on mTOR protein in 2018, trying to answer the question "Can reducing the content of mTOR protein in the elderly improve the immune system function of the elderly?". 264 participants in the study received low-dose mTOR inhibitor or placebo respectively, and after six weeks, the infection rate of influenza virus and the effect of influenza vaccine were followed up. It was found that the number of people suffering from influenza in the elderly who received mTOR inhibitors decreased significantly, and the immune response caused by influenza vaccine was stronger.

Another study shows that mTOR inhibitor RTB101 can enhance the immune response of the elderly after coronavirus infection, and the elderly who receive mTOR inhibitor have lower coronavirus load and recover faster. At present, resTORbio is testing the preventive or therapeutic effect of RTB101 on Covid-19 infection in 550 elderly people over 65 years old in nursing homes.

In addition, at least four research teams are studying the therapeutic effect of rapamycin, another more mature mTOR inhibitor, on the elderly over 60 years old infected with COVID-19.

In addition, metformin, a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, also inhibits the activity of mTOR protein. Clinical data from China and the United States show that diabetic or obese patients who take metformin have less symptoms of Covid-19 infection and lower mortality.

Carolyn Bramante, a researcher at the University of Minnesota in the United States, pointed out that people with diabetes and obesity show immune deficiency very similar to that of the elderly. At present, Bramante and his colleagues are conducting a study involving 1,500 people to explore whether taking metformin can prevent Covid-19’s infection or alleviate its symptoms. Although the mechanism is not clear, decades of clinical data show that metformin has high safety, can be used in children and even pregnant women, and the cost is very low, which are the advantages of metformin.

(2) The second key is how to avoid causing or how to terminate chronic inflammatory reaction.

Studies have found that losmapimod, an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat muscular dystrophy, can inhibit chronic inflammatory response and improve the body’s response when viruses or bacteria invade. A biological company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA recruited 400 volunteers to verify the therapeutic effect of losmapimod on patients with COVID-19. The drug may be able to treat symptoms such as respiratory failure after Covid-19 infection, thus saving patients’ lives.

Many scientists say that it is more important to develop drugs to enhance the immune function of the elderly than to develop COVID-19 vaccine for the elderly, and the latter is more universal, which can improve the protection effect of influenza vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine and even other vaccines in the future. A deep understanding of immune aging and its regulation mechanism and the development of related drugs will also have far-reaching implications for the treatment of other diseases such as diabetes and cancer.

In short, although there are always difficulties in vaccine development, known or unknown, scientists have been working hard and believe that methods will always be found.

(Editor Gao Peiwen)

Original information:

Cassandra Willyard, Nature vol 586, 15.10.2020

Reference information:

1. Anderson E. J.et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 2020

2. Walsh E. E. etal., Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651 (2020)

3. Helfand B. K. I. et al., JAMA Intern. Med., 2020

4. Mannick J. B. et al., Sci. Transl. Med., 2020

5. Luo P. et al., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2020

6. Bramante, C. et al., Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.20135095(2020)

7. Vukmanovic-Stejic M. et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2018

The article was published by "Ten Points of Science" (ID: Science _ 10) WeChat official account, please indicate the source.

Original title: "Immune aging that cannot be underestimated: old age may lead to ineffective vaccines"

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　　On October 26th, an exclusive interview with DRIs was held in Beijing.

　　Yang Yuexin, Chairman of China DRIs Revision Expert Committee and Chairman of China Nutrition Society, Ma Aiguo, Deputy Chairman of the Revision Committee and Executive Vice Chairman of China Nutrition Society, Ding Gangqiang, Deputy Chairman of the Revision Committee, Secretary of the Party Committee of China Nutrition Society and Director of the Institute of Nutrition and Health of China CDC, Yang Xiaoguang, Vice Chairman of China Nutrition Society and researcher of the Institute of Nutrition and Health of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Peng Xianwu, the supporting unit of DRIs revision and general manager of Amway (China) Science and Technology Innovation Center, attended the interview and interpreted the new revision.

　　Yang Yuexin introduced that the 2023 edition of China DRIs is the ninth edition. The revised expert committee and technical working group composed of nearly 100 nutrition experts lasted for three years. Based on the four basic principles of scientificity, advancement, integrity and continuity, the different reference intakes of 20 age groups including energy, nutrients and other dietary ingredients and pregnant women and lactating mothers totaled more than 70 nutrients and other dietary ingredients, which were revised and confirmed, and were held at the 14th Asian Nutrition Conference in September 2023.

　　The revision of DRIs in 2023 mainly includes four aspects. First, the concepts and procedures have been improved and perfected. Different procedures for determining different reference values of nutrients have been newly formulated, and the technical points of each link of the formulation procedures have been uniformly determined. The concepts and connotations of recommended intake and specific recommended values for reducing the risk of diet-related non-communicable diseases have been further clarified and improved. Secondly, the basic reference values of China population were formulated and revised, including age grouping, representative weight, reference value of breast milk composition, recommended weight gain of pregnant women, PAL of physical activity level, etc. Thirdly, the new research results of nutrients and other dietary components in the past decade at home and abroad in the fields of function, evaluation, requirement, safety and prevention of chronic diseases have been included, and more research results targeting China residents have been included. Fourth, from the writing framework, format and other styles, it highlights the positioning of reference books centered on quantitative values.

　　Peng Xianwu believes that this revision has far-reaching guiding significance for the big health industry, such as the data of newly added plant nutrients such as coenzyme Q10 and Lycium barbarum polysaccharide, and the quantification of nutrients such as proanthocyanidins, which will help Amway and industry to develop products and guide consumers to use them.

　　Peng Xianwu introduced that in 2022, Amway and China Nutrition Society established Nutrilite Special Fund for Plant Functional Components and Health Research, aiming at attracting more research institutions and personnel to participate in the research direction of plant nutrients, opening up production, learning and research, transforming research results into products faster, and making more scientific research results benefit the public.

　　This revision has greatly changed the protein intake of the elderly and the calcium supplement standard for adults. Yang Xiaoguang believes that China has entered an aging society, and the elderly and ordinary people can’t meet the demand for protein, which is easy to lead to sarcopenia. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the dietary structure of the elderly and increase the intake of protein. Yang Xiaoguang introduced: "The 2023 edition of DRIs revised the requirement of protein for the elderly aged 65 and above in China, and its recommended intake increased from 0.98 g/(kg day) to 1.17 g/(kg day), which is an important achievement".

　　Ding Gangqiang said that in recent years, the health awareness of Chinese residents has been continuously strengthened, and dietary nutrition and healthy behaviors have been continuously formed, but chronic diseases related to nutrition are still increasing. It is hoped that the release of the 2023 edition of DRIs will further guide the needs of China residents in all aspects of dietary nutrition, especially how to achieve a reasonable and balanced diet, and complete the objectives of the second largest action of Healthy China Action-Reasonable Diet Action.

　　The revision of DRIs has a wide range of significance and value. First, it has scientific value, which determines the types and quantities of nutrients that each person should consume every day qualitatively and quantitatively. Second, social value is an important basic data support for formulating relevant policies, regulations and standards; The third is the value of technical support, which plays an important guiding role in the dietary design and evaluation of collective feeding units such as schools and nursing homes, the nutrition labeling of prepackaged foods, and the product research and development of food enterprises.

Messi wrote his own legend in Barcelona.

In the early morning of January 31st, Beijing time, Barcelona beat Leganés 5-0 in the fourth round of the King’s Cup, and Messi scored twice for his 500th victory in Barcelona. The team’s full firepower seemed to send a signal to the outside world: even if no striker was introduced in the winter window, Barcelona could still score.

When Messi came out of power, his old rival Cristiano Ronaldo had to face embarrassment. According to a online celebrity analysis website, although there are as many as 200 million Portuguese social network fans, as many as 25% of them belong to "zombie fans".

Before the winter transfer in Europe was closed, some important players decided on their next homes one after another, including Manchester United official bruno fernandez, whose highest transfer price is expected to reach 80 million euros. In addition, Paco’s joining Villarreal also broke the transfer record in team history.

Messi has left more and more names on Barcelona’s record list.

King’s Cup Barcelona 5-0, Messi 500 wins milestone?

In the early morning of 31st, the fourth round of the Spanish King’s Cup in 2019-2020 was contested at Camp Nou. Barcelona beat Leganés 5-0 at home and Messi scored twice.

In the face of Leganés, who ranked second to last in the league, Barcelona fought a bloody battle. Gleizman, Langlais and Artur all scored goals. Messi himself scored two goals in the 59th and 89th minutes. Although the victory was easy, it was a milestone for Messi. This victory was his 500th victory for Barcelona. Since winning for Barcelona for the first time on October 16th, 2004, Messi has never stopped.

Messi has won the most games in the history of Barcelona, followed by Harvey, with 476 games. In addition, Messi has won 86 teams, including as many as 29 victories against Seville.

In this campaign, Setien, the coach of Barcelona, changed his formation back to 433, which Barcelona used to be used to. After the game, the new coach also gave an answer to the lack of signings in Barcelona’s winter window. "Dembele will be back soon in these weeks. He has special abilities and we will try our best to let him find his best state. (Not signing) Maybe there will be some risks when a player is injured, but I believe in my players."

Interestingly, L ‘Equipe revealed that Bakambu, a foreign aid who played for Beijing Guoan, had already entered Barcelona’s signing list. Guoan even received an offer from Barcelona, and Guoan, who was preparing for the pre-season in South Korea, decided to release him. The problem was that when Bakambu arrived in Hong Kong to transfer to Spain, he received a phone call from Abidar, director of Barcelona, and was told that Barcelona finally decided to withdraw his offer, so the player had to fly back to South Korea. Afterwards, Bakambu posted a passage on social media, in which he said with a little ridicule, "Please add’ Almost Joining Barcelona’ to my transfer history in Transfer Market. No matter what happens, I believe in the fate process, thank God. Gleizman, let’s meet again sometime. "

Among C Ronaldo’s social network fans, there are a large number of "suspicious accounts".

C Ronaldo also has zombie fans?

Not long ago, Cristiano Ronaldo’s Ins fans reached an astonishing 200 million, and he even published an Ins status celebration. However, a online celebrity analysis website named HypeAuditor found that 72% of Cristiano Ronaldo’s 200 million fans were real people, 2.1% were online celebrity, another 18.7% were "suspicious accounts", and the remaining 6.4% were "automatically following fans"-that is, the number of followers exceeded.

"Ins robots" are classified as suspicious accounts. They are used to handle likes or comments and also play a role in buying powder. Therefore, 25%-about 50 million fans are not real people. It is worth mentioning that as early as 2015, the Daily Sports Daily broke the news that as many as 64% of Cristiano Ronaldo’s Twitter followers were "zombie fans". The media said that as many as 21 million Cristiano Ronaldo’s Twitter followers were behind him, their Twitter accounts were inactive. Of course, all this may have nothing to do with Cristiano Ronaldo himself. Celebrity social accounts will be run by related teams, and it is reasonable to "buy powder". In fact, another research and analysis in November last year showed that 51% of Cristiano Ronaldo’s former teammate Cross’s fans are "zombie fans", which is the highest among Ins users.

This time, HypeAuditor also analyzed the composition of C Ronaldo’s fans. 49% fans are not interested in sports, but pay more attention to music and even fashion. In addition, 72% of C Ronaldo’s fans are men and 28% are women. There are more fans from India than other places, with 22% fans from India; The second place is Iran, with 15%; There are 3% fans from Madrid, the city where Cristiano Ronaldo’s old club Real Madrid is located. In terms of language use, 44% are English users, 9% are Persian and 9% are Arabic.

Manchester United need to pay up to 80 million euros for Fernandez.

Manchester United officially announced bruno fernandez.

In the early morning of the 31st, Manchester United officially announced that bruno fernandez had joined the club. It is reported that the two parties signed a contract for five and a half years, and there is a one-year renewal option.

In fact, 24 hours ago, Manchester United reached an agreement with Portuguese Sports on the transfer of Fernandez. According to the figures released by Portuguese Sports, Manchester United needs to pay him a maximum of 80 million euros, including 55 million fixed transfer fee plus 25 million floating amount. According to the relevant provisions, 5 million euros is related to the number of appearances, and another 5 million euros depends on whether Manchester United can qualify for the Champions League. In addition, 15 million euros depends on Fernandez’s personal achievements in Manchester United in the future. It is reported that if Fernandez switches to another team in the future, Portuguese sports can still reap 10% income from the transfer fee.

During his two and a half seasons in Portuguese sports, Fernandez played excellent data, with 16 goals and 20 assists in 2017-18 and 32 goals and 18 assists in 2018-19. He has scored 15 goals and 14 assists in the middle of this season. According to the outside world, his joining will inject vitality into Manchester United’s frontcourt attack. Head coach Oleskjaer also said in an interview: "We have been paying attention to Fernandez for several months, and he.

I wonder if Paco can reproduce his previous style in Villarreal.

Paco joined Villarreal, and the transfer fee broke the team history record.

A few days ago, Villarreal officially announced the signing of Spanish striker Paco Alcácer from Dortmund for five and a half years.

According to the previous report of Kicker, the transfer fee of Dortmund striker Paco to Villarreal totaled about 30 million euros, while the version of AS newspaper was 23 million euros, while Dortmund originally signed Paco from Barcelona at a cost of 23 million euros. In any case, Paco’s transfer fee broke the record of "Yellow Submarine" when 20 million euros signed Gerard Moreno two seasons ago.

Last season, Paco scored 18 goals in 26 Bundesliga games, but this season he only played 11 Bundesliga games and contributed 5 goals and 1 assist. With the arrival of Harland, his position has been gradually marginalized. Paco came from Valencia youth training. At the age of 18, he scored 28 goals in 27 games in a single season. He played for the first team of Bat Corps for 3 seasons, scoring 43 goals and assisting 17 times in 124 appearances. In the 2016/17 season, Barcelona signed him for 30 million euros. He played for Barcelona for one and a half seasons, made 50 appearances, scored 15 goals and made 8 assists, won the league championship and the King’s Cup on behalf of Barcelona, and then landed in the Bundesliga … Now Villarreal has introduced Paco with a record transfer fee, so I naturally hope that he will regain his previous style.

Deschamps is very dissatisfied with being labeled as "discrimination".

Deschamps took cantona to court.

A few days ago, according to the news of French media RMC, the case of French team coach Deschamps suing cantona will be officially opened in Paris at the end of February.

The contradiction between them stems from cantona’s inappropriate comments on Deschamps’ selection of players in 2016. At that time, cantona thought that Deschamps’ national team discriminated against players with North African descent, which made them have an issue. Although it has been three years, Deschamps decided to resort to the law.

In an interview with the Guardian before the 2016 European Cup, cantona said: "Benzema is a great player, and so is Ben Alpha, but Deschamps has a real French name. He may be the only person in France who really has a French name. No one in his family has been combined with people of other descent, so I am not surprised when he did not take Benzema to the European Cup. Ben Alpha may be the best player in France.

Cantona’s meaning is very clear. Because both players are of North African descent, they were abandoned by the head coach, but this statement obviously doesn’t work. Deschamps’ team is a powerful whole composed of players of different colors and bloodlines. In 2016, he won the runner-up in the European Cup and reached the peak in the 2018 World Cup. A large number of black players such as Bogba and Mbappé are still the absolute core. Deschamps has no reason to exclude players with North African descent. In fact, Ben Alfa has already gone from bad to worse, and Benzema can’t make it because of the fierce competition in the front.

Deschamps responded at the first time: "I don’t understand what he is saying at all, and I will never forgive him for slandering me."

In 2017, Deschamps entrusted a lawyer to prepare to sue cantona, but the case did not enter the final judicial procedure until today. It is reported that the court will hold a hearing on February 28th, and judging from the current situation, cantona, who has no secret words, may be overwhelmed.

Ding Junhui continued his ups and downs.

Ding Junhui missed the top 16 in the German Masters.

On January 30th, German snooker master Sai Ding Junhui lost to Scottish Donaldson 4-5 and missed the top 16, which was his second defeat to the same opponent in a week.

Last week’s European master Sai Ding Junhui just met Donaldson, when he lost to his opponent 2-5 in the second round and missed the quarter-finals. Fighting again after a week, Ding Junhui failed to take revenge and add new hatred. Before the game, the two sides were evenly divided in the first four games. Ding Junhui scored 55 points in the third game and Donaldson shot 132 in the fourth game. After the break, Ding Junhui won two games in a row 60-50 and 72-0 to get the match point, but Donaldson chased two games in a row; Although Ding Junhui scored 50 points in the deciding game, it was a pity that Donaldson still scored 52 points in one shot, which was a pity.

It is worth mentioning that Donaldson lost against Ding Junhui three times in a row before these two confrontations. Now the player ranked 24th in the world seems to have found the confidence to beat Ding Junhui. On the other hand, Ding Junhui, after winning the championship in the British Championship at the end of 2019 and ending the shortage of ranking titles for more than two years, was frustrated again in 2020, with a round of snooker masters, a round of European masters and a round of German masters … He was depressed.

In the retail circle, the membership system has been iterative, so we might as well look at the membership logic from Amazon, Nike, Sephora, Starbucks and Xiaomi.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Retail Watch (ID: On Retail), author: Wang Ziwei

For retailers, the membership system is basically unavoidable. Let’s take a look at what the most mainstream membership system in the e-commerce era is like.

From a global perspective, there are seven most common forms:

1. Integral-hierarchy system

2. Service subscription system

3. Entity subscription system

4. Charity system

5. Sharing cooperation system

6. Community system

7. TOKEN system

I. Integral-Hierarchy System

This is almost the simplest one. In short, every time you spend X yuan, you get Y points. The more you spend, the higher the score.The only variable seems to be that there may be reward points at different times and through different channels, such as 5 times points for in-store consumption during the celebration period and 10 times points for e-commerce consumption during the Black Five/double 11 period.

Let’s take a foreign example, that is, the clothing brand "North"（North Face）",its integral system is called" VIPeak ".

For consumers, understanding this system is also very simple, that is, for every dollar spent, they get 10 points-whether online or offline, if they spend at outlets, they get 5 points for every dollar.

These points can be used in future consumption. To this end, North Face allows users to manage their accounts, buy goods, see points and redeem rewards through the App.

This is the simplest point system, through which consumers are willing to continue to shop. North Face is a typical single-level membership system.

Based on this logic, there will be a multi-level membership system, generally and periodically.(e.g. 1 year)The consumption amount or points are positively related.The characteristic of hierarchical system is that the higher consumers spend, the more rewards they get.

This level itself is also a gamification system, which links consumption with "playing". In the United States, a classic case is the beauty brand e.l.f

Consumers with 0-100 points are at the first level, consumers with 101-400 points are at the second level, and those with 401 points or above are at the highest level-the more membership points, the more unique the rewards.The uniqueness of the highest level is an important factor that urges consumers to buy more goods.

From the point of view of points, the first-level consumers get 2 points for spending 1 dollar, the second-level consumers get 4 points for spending 1 dollar, and the third-level consumers get 6 points for spending 1 dollar, and consumers can get corresponding services by using points.

Similarly, Starbucks in the United States also has this hierarchical system, which is divided into green card levels.（Green Level）And gold card level（Gold Level）.

When the user has less than 299 stars, it is a green card level, and will enjoy the privileges of getting 2 stars for every $1 spent, birthday gifts, mobile payment, placing orders in advance, and free refills in the store; When the number of stars reaches 300 or above, the user will be upgraded to the gold card level. At this time, he will not only enjoy all the green card level permissions, but also double the star accumulation day every month, get a gold card membership card with his name printed on it, and exchange free food or coffee every 125 stars.

In addition to getting stars through consumption, there are also some activities in Starbucks APP, such as going to the store for consumption at a specific time, getting extra stars, and buying specific goods to get extra star rewards.

Second, the paid subscription system-service category

In the payment system, consumers need to pay a monthly fee or an annual fee to become a VIP. Generally speaking, there must be a solid consumer base.After all, it is difficult for you to make a new user become a paying member with little contact with you, so this payment system is basically used to maintain experienced users.

In addition, this payment system must have membership benefits, otherwise users don’t have to pay you in vain.

The most classic case is Amazon. Now Prime with an annual fee of $119 only needs $79 at the earliest, but only one problem was solved in that year, that is, it was guaranteed to be delivered free of charge within 2 days. This was the biggest problem of e-commerce in that year, otherwise a product would only be available in 2-3 weeks, and even if the price was superior, it could not wait.

Later, many functions were added to Prime for free, such as Amazon music, Amazon photos (unlimited storage of photos) and Amazon videos.(Watch all kinds of movies, dramas and original dramas at will)Wait a minute. In 2018, according to data from investment bank JP Morgan, the annual membership fee of $119 is worth about $784, which can be said to be over-valued.

The extreme, even extreme, is Costco.After covering the cost of goods, personnel and management expenses, the income generated by its goods is almost used up, so that its final profit returned to shareholders and membership fees are almost equal.

Third, the paid subscription system-commodity category

Another logic of the payment system is, "subscription box.（Subscription Box）Type ",that is, the subscription of physical items such as products/commodities.

The goods in the "subscription box" generally need to be purchased repeatedly. Take Bean Box as an example, it is the subscription of coffee-normal purchase is the normal price, but if you subscribe, you can always receive coffee on schedule within a cycle, and you can enjoy a discount.The essence is a behavior of directly locking consumers and locking demand, and then it may be the reverse supply chain.

Another advantage of this subscription is that it can increase the lifetime value of customers-from the case of Bean Box, can it be the same if you let consumers buy once and realize repeated service for six months, and let consumers buy for one month and one month?

Amazon has a similar service, and some products can be "subscribed" directly on the purchase page-usually with a discount of about 5%.

Fourth, the charity system

Discount can be a component of the membership system, but it is not necessary.

Therefore,The logic of the charity system is that you are attracting consumers with your own values, thus establishing a stronger relationship.The more common way is that enterprises donate a percentage of their income to charity, such as donating the money to charities, disease research institutions, animal protection organizations and so on.

A small evolutionary version here is that the enterprise will give you several optional donor institutions, and you can choose the one you are willing to donate. This is the case with The Body Shop in America, which introduced animal welfare into its membership system.

In addition to receiving rewards and VIP treatment, consumers can also choose to donate a percentage of their spending to Born Free USA, an animal welfare institution. This is also because The Body Shop has always emphasized environmental responsibility.

This logic lies in that the communication with consumers is not only the exchange of goods and services, but also the integration of values, which in turn makes the loyalty of consumers come to a different and uncontested field.It can be said to be a "blue ocean strategy of values".

V. Sharing cooperation system

A consumer will not only have a membership card, so the demand is also diverse. It can be said that consumers’ spending time is very idle, and the core is whether businesses from different formats can "cut leeks" together-buy electronic products from you, shoes from me and snacks from him.

Therefore, consumers will also want more flexibility in rewards. At this time, what is needed is cross-industry cooperation, which is equivalent to consumer sharing. After all, every enterprise has private domain traffic and data is single-segmented. If(Where permitted by law)Realize the docking of data, then almost draw the whole life of consumers.

In the United States, Nike’s membership system is like this. It has cooperated with Apple, Classpass and Headspace. These companies are not randomly selected, but can be linked to sports. They belong to the cooperation of several enterprises with sports as their core values.

At the same time, Nike also has a variety of apps for different sports to help members achieve their exercise goals. Then as long as the consumer’s behavior can be recorded by the App, then you can get a reward.

Japan’s Sakya Bookstore is also this logic, which focuses on life: through the T-card system, the parent company of Sakya Bookstore has opened 887,000 stores in 179 Japanese companies in May 2018, realizing the universality of points, and the profit does not come from the points themselves, but from the big data insight of consumers. Because consumer data is no longer just a single book purchase, eating, shopping, but all the synthesis.

In China, this kind of cross-industry cooperation is also gradually emerging. For example, JD.COM Plus can give you an iQiyi member.It is also the opening of data and traffic sharing between the two parties, which in turn turns traffic into "reservation".

VI. Community system

Beauty cosmetics brand Sephora（Sephora）Beauty Insider, a membership system, must be said. On the one hand, this system can be upgraded to three grades based on consumption, and every dollar spent in each grade can get different grades of points feedback.(1 dollar for 1 point, 1.25 points, 1.5 points respectively)At the same time, there are opportunities to get more exclusive services with the improvement of grades in the traditional "hierarchical system".

Besides,The biggest feature of Sephora’s membership system is the establishment of a community-to communicate with various members, find inspiration, participate in exclusive activities and so on.At this time, members of Sephora come to the brand community, and Sephora can understand the needs of consumers and then optimize its product design.

This logic also exists in China, that is, in Xiaomi’s community, a group of fans gather in the community to communicate with each other and put forward their own needs, and Xiaomi’s product manager can collect relevant information and update the corresponding system: users feel that they are valued, and Xiaomi has obtained consumer demand and met consumer demand, and both sides are happy.

Seven, TOKEN type

The last one is the TOKEN logic in the blockchain, or,Is similar to "asset securitization"（ABS）The idea of "assets token" should be called as a kind of "assets token"（ABT）”。

This kind of logic can be seen in China. At present, it can be simply divided into two types. The first type is "commodity tokenization", which is represented by the second-hand e-commerce enjoyment theory, and the second type is "behavior tokenization". I think the representatives are interesting headlines and today’s headlines. Let’s look at it together:

"Commodity Tokenization"

The problem with second-hand e-commerce is that the seller wants to sell an item that is "emotionally connected with himself", and based on game theory, the buyer will directly regard all second-hand goods as having a problem, forming a "lemon market effect" and paying a very low price, or, no matter how wonderful your price is and how perfect the goods are, I will ask for a 20% discount first and then post it-as long as I have sold something on idle fish once.

This will greatly reduce the efficiency of the transaction, and the seller will usually feel very uncomfortable, and finally there may be problems on the "supply side", which will have a negative effect on the market.

The logic of enjoying things is very interesting, that is, instead of introducing money, users use small red flowers. Users earn small red flowers through various behaviors, such as signing in and sharing, and then "exchange" other people’s goods with their own small red flowers. Because the little red flower is not anchored with the RMB, so,Users will participate in the purchase according to their real needs, rather than the "chopping behavior" caused by "consumerism".As a result, the pressure on both buyers and sellers is reduced, which greatly promotes the circulation efficiency of goods.

This logic actually exists in offline channels, that is, "moon cake tickets", that is, the moon cakes are placed there, and the person who finally gets the tickets goes to a specific place to pick up the goods. As for the intermediate process-the goods are not moving, and the tickets are flying around, which greatly reduces the cost. The logic of this set of freight tickets is "online" and combined with the mode of second-hand e-commerce, which forms the theory of enjoying things.

"Behavior Tokenization"

The second logic is "behavior token", which is the case with interesting headlines.

To put it simply, users can be rewarded for all their behaviors on the APP, including reading gold coins, watching videos, sharing gold coins, and rewarding users with "tokens" in a different way, and then this "token" is every cycle.(The period of interesting headlines is "1 day")Will be cleared, converted into RMB, accumulated to a certain amount, you can withdraw cash-or buy other goods directly in the APP.

The logic is simple,Retaining customers requires costs, so why not give these costs directly to customers as much as possible?And these sources of RMB are also simple, just divide the gross profit of each cycle directly. So now, we will find that many apps have this logic, such as the extreme version of today’s headlines, various headline apps, and various information apps.

Related links:"Integral Incentive System" from the Perspectives of JD.COM, Interesting Headlines and Amaya.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Retail Watch (ID: On Retail), author: Wang Ziwei

　　In May, the alpine rhododendrons in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province bloomed one after another, and the rhododendron sea all over the mountains attracted many tourists. This weekend, the Rhododendron Sea in Haikou Ranch, Puge County, Liangshan Prefecture became popular on the Internet, and was known as "the most beautiful Rhododendron Sea in Liangshan". However, in these two days, this flower sea was "poisoned" by tourists.

　　On May 6th, Haikou Ranch was crowded with tourists who heard the news. According to incomplete statistics, more than 800 self-driving cars and more than 2,000 tourists entered that day. According to the local traffic police, the roads entering the pasture were lined up for several kilometers, and the traffic was once paralyzed. Before this weekend, the azaleas in Haikou Ranch were just a "secret place" known to a few people, not known to the outside world.

　　On the morning of May 7, many Liangshan netizens forwarded another scene of Haikou Ranch in the circle of friends: after the tourists dispersed, a large amount of garbage was left on the ground, and the beer bottles they drank staggered. Sadly, some tourists break the branches at will and take photos in their hands.

　　According to the photos provided by netizens, in a rhododendron viewing place, some people even dug up rhododendrons by roots and put them on pickup trucks to transport them away. Some netizens posted a photo taken in the Rhododendron Sea in Longjiaoshan, Huili County. After the whole flower was broken, it was ignited and burned to make barbecue wood.

　　In Liangshan, azalea is called soma flower in Yi language, which is the welcome flower of Liangshan. "Soma is crying." Seeing these acts of destroying azaleas, many Liangshan netizens and tourists are very sad and have forwarded and condemned them in the circle of friends.

　　The tourism department reminded that it is hoped that tourists can take care of the environment, take away garbage, don’t start with rhododendron, and protect the pure land of Haikou Ranch. At the same time, Rhododendron in Liangshan Mountain generally grows above 2800 meters above sea level. Below this altitude or the temperature is too high, it is difficult to survive, and it is useless to dig down the mountain.

　　On May 7th, Puge County convened an emergency meeting of tourism, public security, forestry, environmental protection and other departments to deal with a series of problems caused by the recent sharp increase of tourists in Haikou Ranch. At present, Puge County Forest Public Security Bureau is also involved in the investigation.

(full) name gender Ticket number Examination department Apply for a position graduated institutions remarks Lu Yitong man 2013010100104 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Northwest university of political science and law Li Jiangbo man 2013010100109 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Northwest university of political science and law Zhou yongchao man 2013010100122 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Chinese people’s public security university Zhang Yu man 2013010100222 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Northwest university of political science and law Chai yuze man 2013010100229 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Fuzhou University Qiu Han man 2013010100409 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL) Qin wenjie man 2013010100417 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Longdong college Lei Yu man 2013010100502 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Northwest university of political science and law Wujiabo man 2013010100602 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Huazhong University of Science and Technology Li long man 2013010100617 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Hu’ nan Institute of Technology Chen Zhiwen man 2013010100618 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Northwest university of political science and law Sun Peng man 2013010100623 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below Renmin University of China Pinghao man 2013010100702 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123773 First-level director and below China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL) Wu shuaihong man 2013010101322 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123774 First-level director and below Zhejiang University Zhang yang man 2013010101727 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123774 First-level director and below Chang’an University Zhu Baoyuan man 2013010102323 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123774 First-level director and below the central institute for correctional police Jamolan woman 2013010102411 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123774 First-level director and below Beijing Jiaotong University Chang Jing woman 2013010102718 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123774 First-level director and below China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL) Li Jin man 2013010103116 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123774 First-level director and below Qingdao university Dangqiao woman 2013010103624 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection 201123774 First-level director and below Northwest A&F University Shang Jiaxin man 2013010103820 General office of provincial party Committee 201133775, the fourth-level director of the organ Xi’an University of Technology Sun zhenglong man 2013010103828 General office of provincial party Committee 201133776 Director of the fourth level of the organ Northwest university of political science and law Yang ruoyu woman 2013010103910 General office of provincial party Committee 201133777 Director of the fourth level of the organ Lanzhou Jiaotong University He Jing man 2013010104003 General office of provincial party Committee 201133778, the fourth-level director of the organ Shaanxi Normal University Xiong Yao woman 2013010104111 General office of provincial party Committee 201133779 Director, Level 4, Secrecy Office of Provincial Party Committee Xiamen University Qu dangping man 2013010104201 General office of provincial party Committee 201133780 Director of the Secrecy Office of the Provincial Party Committee Northwest University Law School Zhang bochao man 2013010104202 General office of provincial party Committee 201133780 Director of the Secrecy Office of the Provincial Party Committee Northwest university of political science and law Daisy woman 2013010104226 Propaganda department of provincial party Committee 201143781 Director of the Propaganda Department of the Provincial Party Committee Shenyang Aerospace University Luo beijuan woman 2013010104525 Propaganda department of provincial party Committee 201143782 Director of the Propaganda Department of the Provincial Party Committee Communication University of China Liu jieqiong woman 2013010104605 United Front Work Department of Provincial Party Committee 201153783, the first-level director of the Ministry and below Lanzhou university of technology Feng xinxing man 2013010104615 United Front Work Department of Provincial Party Committee 201153784, the first-level director of the Ministry and below China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL) Liu ruizhu woman 2013010104628 United Front Work Department of Provincial Party Committee 201153785, the first-level director of the Ministry and below Renmin University of China Zhang Chenchen man 2013010104723 United Front Work Department of Provincial Party Committee 201153786, the first-level director of the Ministry and below Shanghai University Dang Qiuxia woman 2013010104804 United Front Work Department of Provincial Party Committee 201153787 First-level director of the provincial party committee of the Agricultural Workers’ Party and below Shanxi University Han Jie man 2013010104818 United Front Work Department of Provincial Party Committee 201153788 First-level director and below of the Provincial Committee of Jiu San Society Lanzhou University Wang wenmiao man 2013010104905 United Front Work Department of Provincial Party Committee 201153789 Provincial Federation of Industry and Commerce, first-level director and below Baoji university of arts and sciences Mao chuhao man 2013010104906 Office of Foreign Affairs Working Committee of Provincial Party Committee 201163790 First-level director and below Beijing Foreign Languages University Yuan Wenting woman 2013010104922 Office of Foreign Affairs Working Committee of Provincial Party Committee 201163791 Provincial People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries First-level Chief Staff and below Xi ‘ an international studies university Li yang man 2013010105004 Provincial Party Committee Organization Establishment Committee Office 201173792, the fourth-level director of the office. Chinese people’s public security university Saki Liu woman 2013010105015 Provincial Party Committee directly under the authority Workers’ Committee 201183793 First-level director and below yan’an university Zhou Zhendong man 2013010105022 Provincial Party Committee directly under the authority Workers’ Committee 201183793 First-level director and below CPC Shaanxi Provincial Party School Tian zhuowen woman 2013010105107 Provincial bureau of retired veteran cadres 201193794 [Civil Servant] First-level Chief Clerk and below Xi ‘ an international studies university Jiawei Zhang man 2013010105401 Provincial bureau of retired veteran cadres 201193795 [Civil Servant] First-level Chief Clerk and below xian university of science and technology high tech college John Chang man 2013010105425 Provincial Party History Research Office 201203796 [Reference Management] First-level Chief Clerk and below yan’an university Wang Kaixuan man 2013010105426 Provincial Party History Research Office 201203796 [Reference Management] First-level Chief Clerk and below yan’an university Liu Yitong woman 2013010105429 Provincial Party History Research Office 201203796 [Reference Management] First-level Chief Clerk and below Beijing Normal University Wang zhangzhang man 2013010105502 Provincial Party History Research Office 201203796 [Reference Management] First-level Chief Clerk and below Jilin University Huan Wang woman 2013010105511 Provincial Party History Research Office 201203796 [Reference Management] First-level Chief Clerk and below Wuhan University Zhang jiapei woman 2013010105512 Provincial Party History Research Office 201203796 [Reference Management] First-level Chief Clerk and below China West Normal University Louise Yang woman 2013010105527 Provincial archives 201213797 Department [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk and below Tibet University for Nationalities Long xiuping woman 2013010105627 Provincial archives 201213798 Department [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk and below Xidian University Antong man 2013010105805 Provincial archives 201213799 Post-warehouse Management Office [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk and below North China University of Technology Ai Jing woman 2013010105819 Provincial People’s Congress Standing Committee 201223800, the fourth-level director of the organ Southwest Politics and Law University Zhao Xiaoyu woman 2013010105912 Provincial People’s Congress Standing Committee 201223801, the fourth-level director of the organ Northwest university of political science and law Zhang Haodong man 2013010105915 Provincial People’s Congress Standing Committee 201223802, the fourth-level director of the organ Australian National University Fu Hui woman 2013010106010 Provincial People’s Congress Standing Committee 201223803 Director of the fourth level of the organ The University of Hong Kong aftereffect woman 2013010106106 Provincial Higher People’s Court 201233805 The second-level director of the agency and below South China Normal University Yaoyujing woman 2013010106119 Sheng women’s Federation 201243806, the fourth-level director of the organ university of leicester Wang mei woman 2013010106202 Provincial Red Cross Society 201253807 [Reference Management] First-level Chief Clerk and below Northwest University Geng liming man 2013010106301 Provincial Education Committee, Provincial Education Department 201263808, the fourth-level director of the organ Xi’an Jiaotong University Bai Peng man 2013010106306 Provincial Education Committee, Provincial Education Department 201263808, the fourth-level director of the organ yan’an university Hao wenzhuo woman 2013010106401 Provincial Education Committee, Provincial Education Department 201263809, the fourth-level director of the organ South China Normal University Huqi woman 2013010106519 Provincial Education Committee, Provincial Education Department 201263809, the fourth-level director of the organ University of Warwick, UK Xue Xiaoqiang man 2013010106529 Provincial Education Committee, Provincial Education Department 201263810 Provincial Education Examinations Institute [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk Shaanxi Normal University Liu rennan woman 2013010106616 Provincial Education Committee, Provincial Education Department 201263811 Provincial Education Examinations Institute [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk Southwest University Panjiali man 2013010106622 Provincial Education Committee, Provincial Education Department 201263812 Provincial Education Examinations Institute [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk Yunnan University He Yueyang woman 2013010106624 Provincial department of science and technology 201273814 First-level director and below Xi’an Jiaotong University Li Wenbo man 2013010106801 Provincial civil affairs department 201283816 The second-level director of the agency and below Qinghai University for Nationalities Qiao Fangyu man 2013010106925 Provincial finance department 201293819 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices Lanzhou university of finance and economics Wang yinzhe man 2013010106928 Provincial finance department 201293819 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices Xi’an University of Technology Gao Jiaxing woman 2013010107022 Provincial finance department 201293820 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices The Central University Of Finance and Economics Yang Jingyan woman 2013010107102 Provincial finance department 201293820 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices Northwest University Sun guangyan man 2013010107407 Provincial finance department 201293821 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Zhou Nan man 2013010107415 Provincial finance department 201293821 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices North University of China Liu Jimei woman 2013010107514 Provincial finance department 201293822 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices yan’an university Ma Rong woman 2013010107520 Provincial finance department 201293822 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices Xi’an Jiaotong University Cao Jinbao man 2013010107606 Provincial finance department 201293823 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices Shaanxi Normal University Cui qinqin woman 2013010107702 Provincial finance department 201293824 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices Xidian University Wang Jiayue woman 2013010107725 Provincial department of natural resources 201303825 First-level chief clerk of Xixian New Area Natural Resources Bureau and below. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology Tang Qi woman 2013010107820 Provincial water resources department 201313827 Provincial Water Conservancy Engineering Quality and Safety Center, Level 4 Chief Clerk Institutes Of Technology Of Changsha Deng Peng man 2013010107825 Provincial water resources department 201313828 Director of Level 4 of Provincial Water Conservancy Engineering Quality and Safety Center Hohai University Yang peina woman 2013010107917 Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs 201323829 Third-level chief clerk and below in government offices. Chang’an University Chen Xue woman 2013010108009 Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs 201323830 Provincial Rural Cooperative Economic Workstation [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk and below Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Yu Zhou man 2013010108021 Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs 201323830 Provincial Rural Cooperative Economic Workstation [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk and below Northwest A&F University Yi Cai woman 2013010108118 Provincial Health and Wellness Commission 201333831 Director, Level 4, Provincial Health Supervision Center China Shiyou University (Beijing) Dan Li woman 2013010108122 Provincial Health and Wellness Commission 201333831 Director, Level 4, Provincial Health Supervision Center Xi’an University of Technology Wang Wen woman 2013010108210 Provincial Health and Wellness Commission 201333832 Director, Level 4, Provincial Health Supervision Center Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Changyibo man 2013010108501 Provincial Health and Wellness Commission 201333833 First-level Staff of Provincial Health Supervision Center shanxi medical university jinci college Luoganggang man 2013010108823 Provincial emergency management department 201343834 First-level Chief of the Comprehensive Coordination Department of Work Safety and below Beijing University of Chemical Technology Li yujia woman 2013010312510 Provincial emergency management department 201343835 First-level Chief of Science and Technology and Information Technology Division and below Peking University Qiao Shuyue woman 2013010109019 Provincial emergency management department 201343836 Provincial Flood Control and Drought Relief Security Center [Reference Management] First-level Chief Clerk and below china institute of water resources and hydropower research Max Zhang man 2013010109024 Provincial emergency management department 201343836 Provincial Flood Control and Drought Relief Security Center [Reference Management] First-level Chief Clerk and below Wuhan University Liu Jianwei man 2013010109130 Provincial audit office 201353837 First-level chief clerk and below in government offices Beijing National Accounting Institute Xi min woman 2013010109225 Provincial audit office 201353837 First-level chief clerk and below in government offices Chongqing University Huo xiaonan woman 2013010109322 Provincial audit office 201353838 First-level chief clerk and below in government offices Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology Villi woman 2013010109423 Provincial audit office 201353838 First-level chief clerk and below in government offices Chang’an University Jasmine Zhang woman 2013010109707 Provincial audit office 201353839 First-level chief clerk and below in government offices Xi ‘ an institute of finance and economics Liu Min woman 2013010109815 Provincial audit office 201353839 First-level chief clerk and below in government offices Xi’an Jiaotong University Gaohang man 2013010110027 Provincial audit office 201353840 First-level chief clerk and below in government offices Xidian University Yue Lu woman 2013010110014 Provincial audit office 201353840 First-level chief clerk and below in government offices Xi’an Technological University fill the vacancies in the proper order Anlang man 2013010110126 Provincial audit office 201353841 First-level chief clerk and below in government offices. Chang’an University Li Xin man 2013010110307 Provincial audit office 201353841 First-level chief clerk and below in government offices. Chang’an University Yang qiujun woman 2013010110316 Provincial Forestry Bureau 201363842 First-level Chief Clerk of Regulation Science and Technology Department and below Party School of the CPC Central Committee Derek lv woman 2013010110417 Provincial Forestry Bureau 201363843 First-level Director of Public Service Department and below Northwest A&F University Zhang Bin man 2013010110616 Provincial Forestry Bureau 201363844 First-level Chief Clerk of Provincial Forest Resources Administration and below southwest forestry university Liang yunpeng man 2013010110619 Provincial Forestry Bureau 201363845 First-level Chief Clerk of Provincial Forest Resources Administration and below Yunnan University Vencent Yang man 2013010110620 Provincial Forestry Bureau 201363845 First-level Chief Clerk of Provincial Forest Resources Administration and below Lanzhou University Wei qiuming woman 2013010110623 Provincial Forestry Bureau 201363846 First-level Chief Clerk of Provincial Forest Resources Administration and below Beijing Forestry University Su min woman 2013010110712 Provincial Forestry Bureau 201363847 First-level Chief Clerk of Provincial Forest Resources Administration and below Shaanxi Normal University Luo Ruijuan woman 2013010110723 Provincial Forestry Bureau 201363848 First-level Chief Staff of Provincial Forest Resources Administration and below Leeds University Huang Xiao woman 2013010110801 Provincial Forestry Bureau 201363850 First-level Chief Staff of Provincial Forest Resources Administration and below Chang’an University Li Jin woman 2013010110805 Provincial Forestry Bureau 201363850 First-level Chief Staff of Provincial Forest Resources Administration and below Xidian University Zhao shanling woman 2013010110821 Provincial radio and television bureau 201373851 Director of the Fourth Department of Provincial Radio and Television Bureau Southwest Politics and Law University Lei Jingxiang man 2013010110921 Provincial radio and television bureau 201373852 Director of the Fourth Department of Provincial Radio and Television Bureau Chang’an University Lawrence Wang man 2013010110924 Provincial radio and television bureau 201373852 Director of the Fourth Department of Provincial Radio and Television Bureau Xidian University Cao Yong man 2013010111001 Provincial statistics bureau 201383853 Third-level chief clerk of business office and below Tibet University for Nationalities Zheng Bo woman 2013010111004 Provincial statistics bureau 201383854 Third-level chief clerk of comprehensive office and below Hebei University Lv bingheng man 2013010111005 Provincial statistics bureau 201383855 Provincial Local Socio-economic Survey Center [Reference Management] Third-level Chief Clerk and below Queen’s University of Canada Jia Bei woman 2013010111014 Provincial statistics bureau 201383856 Provincial Local Socio-economic Survey Center [Reference Management] Third-level Chief Clerk and below Hebei University Zhang Chenyu woman 2013010111026 Provincial statistics bureau 201383857 Provincial Local Socio-economic Survey Center [Reference Management] Third-level Chief Clerk and below Korea Korea University Wang Jingyuan man 2013010111123 Provincial bureau of cultural relics 201393858 First-level director and below Shaanxi Normal University Tongkewei woman 2013010111201 Provincial bureau of cultural relics 201393859 First-level director and below xi’an shiyou university Chen yanru woman 2013010111212 Provincial poverty alleviation office 201403861 Provincial Poverty Alleviation Monitoring Center [Reference Management] First-level Director and below The Central University Of Finance and Economics Yin Hailei man 2013010111309 Provincial poverty alleviation office 201403862 Provincial Poverty Alleviation Monitoring Center [Reference Management] First-level Director and below Northeast university of finance and economics Chen Yuanyuan woman 2013010111408 Provincial poverty alleviation office 201403863 Provincial Poverty Alleviation Monitoring Center [Reference Management] First-level Director and below Northwest university of political science and law Zhao Peng man 2013010111415 Provincial poverty alleviation office 201403864 Provincial Poverty Alleviation Monitoring Center [Reference Management] First-level Director and below Northwest university of political science and law Ai Xinhua woman 2013010111505 Provincial local financial supervision and management bureau 201413865 Second-level chief clerk and below in government offices Xi’an Jiaotong University Yin yixuan woman 2013010111714 Provincial Grain and Material Reserve Bureau 201423867 Second-level Director and below Xidian University Wang herui woman 2013010111803 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433869 Personnel Department (Retiree Service Management Office) Level II Chief Staff and below University of Newcastle, UK Xu shuoqi man 2013010111808 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433870 Second-level Chief of the Commission for Discipline Inspection and below Shaanxi Normal University Wang jiao woman 2013010111814 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433871 Second-level Chief of Housing Management Office and below Qinghai University for Nationalities Feng yuru woman 2013010111828 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433872 Second-level Chief of Real Estate Management Office and below Northwest University Wang kaibo man 2013010111921 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433873 Second-level Chief of Energy Conservation Management Office of public institutions and below brunel university Jet Chao man 2013010111923 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433874 Second-level Chief Staff of Security Department and below Xi ‘ an university of posts and telecommunications Sun Xiaoqian woman 2013010111928 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433875 Director II of Infrastructure Engineering Management Office and below Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology Ma Lin woman 2013010112002 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433876 Director II of Infrastructure Engineering Management Office and below Chang’an University Huiyu woman 2013010112006 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433877 The second-level director of Fengcheng Management Center of provincial organs and below Xi ‘ an university of science and technology He Lu woman 2013010112011 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433879 The second-level director of Xingqing Veteran Cadres Service Management Office of provincial organs and below. Chinese Marine University Li Jiaojie woman 2013010112015 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433880 The second-level director of Xiaozhai Veteran Cadres Service Management Office of provincial organs and below Xi’an University of Technology Li Ning woman 2013010112018 Provincial organ affairs service center 201433882 Second-level Chief of the Office of the Provincial Committee for the Care of the Next Generation and below Xi’an Jiaotong University Shimin woman 2013010112023 Sheng supply and marketing cooperatives head office 201443883 Department Office [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk The Central University Of Finance and Economics Li jingman woman 2013010200103 Sheng supply and marketing cooperatives head office 201443884 Department Office [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk Xi ‘ an university of science and technology Zhang daiyue woman 2013010200109 Sheng supply and marketing cooperatives head office 201443885 Department Office [Reference Management] Level 4 Chief Clerk Northwest university of political science and law Zhang ningyi woman 2013010200121 Provincial court system 201453886 Assistant Judge of Xi ‘an Railway Transportation Intermediate Court Xi’an Jiaotong University Rui Hu woman 2013010200207 Provincial court system 201453887 Assistant Judge of Xi ‘an Railway Transport Court Renmin University of China slowly woman 2013010200221 Provincial court system 201453887 Assistant Judge of Xi ‘an Railway Transport Court Lanzhou University Pan Lei man 2013010200306 Provincial court system 201453888 Assistant Judge of Xi ‘an Railway Transport Court Tongji University Longdihui man 2013010200309 Provincial court system 201453888 Assistant Judge of Xi ‘an Railway Transport Court Southwest Politics and Law University Hu Juan woman 2013010200315 Provincial court system 201453889 Assistant Judge of Ankang Railway Transport Court Northwest university of political science and law Min Feng woman 2013010200407 Provincial court system 201453889 Assistant Judge of Ankang Railway Transport Court Northwest university of political science and law Liu Xiaoqian woman 2013010200410 Provincial court system 201453889 Assistant Judge of Ankang Railway Transport Court sichuan police college Chen Ruixiang man 2013010200421 Provincial court system 201453890 Assistant Judge of Ankang Railway Transport Court Xi’an Polytechnic University Xiong cheng man 2013010200424 Provincial court system 201453890 Assistant Judge of Ankang Railway Transport Court Chang’an University Li Yinxia woman 2013010200506 Provincial procuratorate system 201463891 Assistant Prosecutor of Xi ‘an Railway Transport Procuratorate Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University He Qian woman 2013010200511 Provincial procuratorate system 201463892 Assistant Prosecutor of Xi ‘an Railway Transport Procuratorate Northwest university of political science and law Zhao Xuesong woman 2013010200604 Provincial procuratorate system 201463893 Assistant Prosecutor of Xi ‘an Railway Transport Procuratorate Northwest university of political science and law Zhang liqian woman 2013010200626 Provincial procuratorate system 201463893 Assistant Prosecutor of Xi ‘an Railway Transport Procuratorate Northwest university of political science and law

　　CCTV News:On the morning of October 9, local time in Sweden, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced in Stockholm that it would award the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Wittingham and Yoshino Akira in recognition of them."developing lithium-ion batteries"The contribution of. They will share the prize of 9 million Swedish kronor (about 6.5 million yuan).

　　Lithium-ion batteries have completely changed our lives and are used in all applications, from mobile phones to laptops and electric cars. Through the work of the winners, this year’s Nobel Prize winner in chemistryIt laid the foundation for a wireless and fossil fuel-free society..

　　In the early 1970s, M. Stanley Wittingham, who won this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry, was developing.The first functional lithium batteryAt that time, the great power of lithium was used to release its external electrons.

　　John B. Goodenough, winner of the 2019 chemistry prize.The potential of the lithium battery is doubled.It creates suitable conditions for more powerful and useful batteries.

　　This year’s Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, Akira Yoshino, succeeded inPure lithium was removed from the battery.Instead, it is based on lithium ions that are safer than pure lithium. This makes the battery feasible in practice.

　　John B. Goodenough isFather of lithium batteryHe made the lithium battery smaller, larger and more stable in use, thus realizing commercialization and at the same time starting the process of portable electronic equipment. At present, he is Professor department of mechanical engineering of the University of Texas at Austin, USA. At the age of 97, he is a famous solid physicist, the inventor of cathode materials of lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate and Ferrous lithium phosphate, and one of the founders of lithium-ion batteries. He designs new materials by studying the relationship between chemistry, structure and solid electron/ion properties, and solves material science problems. Sony produced the world’s first commercial lithium battery after adopting Goodenough theory in 1991. Since then, mobile phones, cameras, hand-held cameras and even electric vehicles have entered the era of portable new energy.

　　M Stanley Whitingham is currently a professor of chemistry and director of the Institute of Materials and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Binghamton University, State University of New York.

　　Akira Yoshino, a Japanese chemist, is currently a researcher at Asahi Kasei and a professor at meijo university. He was commended by Zi Zi. Yoshino is the inventor of modern lithium-ion batteries, and has won the highest honor in engineering, the Global Energy Award and the Charles Stark Draper Award. (CCTV reporter Hao Xiaoli)

　　Recently, various provinces and cities have successively disclosed the practical projects of people’s livelihood in 2025 and the provincial budget. According to statistics, up to now, more than ten provinces, including Beijing and Sichuan, have carried out or planned to carry out free vaccination programs for provincial-level female HPV vaccine.

　　According to the agency, with the successful completion of phase III clinical trials and the release of production capacity of HPV vaccine under research in China, the indications are extended to male population.ChinaThe market scale of HPV vaccine will continue to expand, and it is expected to reach 62.54 billion yuan in 2031.

　　Multi-provincial promotion

　　Since the beginning of this year, many provinces have indicated that they will launch a free vaccination program for HPV vaccine for school-age women.

　　Recently, Sichuan Province disclosed the "Report on the Implementation of the Budget in Sichuan Province in 2024 and the Draft Budget in 2025", which proposed to allocate 4.41 billion yuan for public health services. Improve the financial subsidy standard for basic public health services, support the implementation of "two cancers" free screening for school-age women, support the free vaccination of domestic bivalent HPV vaccine for eligible school-age girls, and increase support for AIDS prevention and treatment.

　　On January 26th, the General Office of the Beijing Municipal People’s Government issued the notice of "Important Livelihood Projects in Beijing in 2025", and Beijing will voluntarily vaccinate human papillomavirus vaccine for new girls in Grade One in 2025.

　　On January 10th, Tianjin Municipal Health and Health Commission formulated 16 measures to serve Tianjin Health and Health Kang Weimin in 2025, and explicitly launched the public welfare vaccination activities of reducing or exempting 450,000 doses of bivalent HPV vaccine for women aged 9-45.

　　In 2025, the work report of Yunnan provincial government put the implementation of "children’s health care and protection""Huimin Project" is listed as one of the 10 practical things to be done in 2025, and it is clearly put forward that domestic HPV vaccine should be vaccinated free of charge for eligible junior one girls in the province according to the principle of informed and voluntary.

　　In January this year, the government work report for 2025 released by Gansu Province made it clear that in 2025, we will continue to make overall arrangements for financial resources and do 10 practical things for the people, one of which is to subsidize HPV vaccination for 100,000 school-age girls on the premise of "knowing, volunteering and subsidizing".

　　In October 2024, National Health Commission held a press conference to disclose that since 2021, 11 provinces including Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Chongqing, Tibet, Zhejiang, Shandong, Hubei and Guangxi, as well as Zhengzhou,Chengdu and other cities have included HPV vaccination in the government’s practical projects for the people, and provided free HPV vaccination services for school-age girls aged 13-14 in the region through financial purchase services and fixed subsidies. Up to now, the policy of free HPV vaccination has covered about 40% of school-age girls in the country.

　　Speed up research and development

　　On January 8,It was announced that a number of new indications of tetravalent human papillomavirus vaccine (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (trade name: Jiadaxiu, also known as tetravalent HPV vaccine) have been approved for marketing in National Medical Products Administration, which is suitable for male vaccination aged 9-26. This is the first HPV vaccine approved for male vaccination in China. Subsequently, many places announced the start of male HPV vaccination.

　　HPV infection is one of the most important public health problems in the world. Vaccination is the best way to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Recently, in order to further respond to WHO’s Global Strategy for Accelerating the Elimination of Cervical Cancer, the International Papillomavirus Society needs to achieve the phased goal of "90-70-90" in 2030, and actively appeals to all countries to adopt a vaccination plan for both men and women as soon as possible, that is, to promote HPV vaccine equally to school-age boys and girls, so as to expand the coverage of vaccination and maximize the immune effect of the group.

　　Research and development of domestic nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine is accelerated. A few days ago,It is said that the work of the phase III clinical study of the subsidiary Shanghai Zerun nine-valent HPV vaccine continues to advance. At present, the phase III clinical trial comparing the immunogenicity of this vaccine with similar vaccines is in the stage of data statistical analysis and writing clinical research reports. Based on the clinical development plan of nine-valent HPV vaccine products, the company is keeping close communication with National Medical Products Administration Drug Evaluation Center, and actively striving for the best strategy to promote the clinical research on protective efficacy.

　　At the end of August 2024, it was announced that the company’s nine-valent HPV vaccine marketing license application was accepted. After the application for registration of the nine-valent HPV vaccine is accepted, it still needs to go through comprehensive evaluation, on-site verification and other procedures, which will not have a significant impact on the company’s financial situation and operating performance in the short term. After being approved for listing, it will be conducive to the promotion and use of the company’s HPV vaccine, enrich the company’s product line, further enhance the company’s core competitiveness and lay a solid foundation for the company’s sustained and steady development.

　　Many domestic vaccine companies are also competing for the HPV vaccine market for male indications. In November 2024, it was revealed that the nine-valent HPV vaccine for male population was approved for clinical trials. In addition, on February 12, 2025,Ruike biologyIt was disclosed that the application for clinical trial of the new adjuvant recombinant nine-valent HPV vaccine developed by the company for male population was accepted in National Medical Products Administration.

　　It is estimated that its nine-valent HPV vaccine (female indication) will be submitted in China and Indonesia respectively in 2025.License application (BLA), nine-valent HPV vaccine (male indication) is expected to be submitted to BLA in 2027.

　　open-sourceIt is predicted that with the successful completion of the third phase clinical trial of HPV vaccine and the release of its production capacity, its indications will be extended to the male population, and the vaccination awareness of the target population will continue to increase, and the market scale of HPV vaccine in China will continue to expand, which is expected to reach 62.54 billion yuan in 2031.

With the popularization of HPV vaccine knowledge, many people want to be vaccinated with HPV vaccine. But how much do you know about HPV vaccine? What is the difference in the applicable population of HPV vaccines with different "prices"? In this regard, Chen Shouzhen, deputy director of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, summed up ten common questions and answered them to the majority of netizens.

What is HPV virus?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small double-stranded DNA virus, so it is called human papillomavirus because it only infects humans. There are more than 200 subtypes of HPV, which can be divided into high-risk type and low-risk type according to whether they are carcinogenic or not.

Low-risk type usually infects the skin and causes warts, commonly known as boils. Most of them can naturally subside in 3-5 years, and some may need laser, freezing and other methods to remove them.

There are about 15 HPV subtypes (HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73 and 82) that can cause malignant tumors such as cervical cancer, vaginal cancer and oropharyngeal cancer, so they are called high-risk HPV. Among them, HPV16/18 has the highest risk of cancer. About 70% of cervical cancer in the world is caused by high-risk HPV16 and 18, and 20% is caused by HPV31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. HPV16 types 16 and 18 are also associated with oropharyngeal cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, penile cancer and anal cancer.

Will HPV infection definitely lead to cancer?

Persistent infection of high-risk HPV will lead to cancer. More than 90% of HPV infections usually subside naturally within 2 years. If carcinogenic HPV infection lasts for more than 1 year, the possibility of precancerous or cancerous lesions will increase, but not all persistent infections will progress. Only less than 1% of infections will develop into cancer after 5 to 10 years of precancerous lesions. Therefore, even if there is HPV infection, it will not necessarily become cancer, but we should pay attention to the corresponding screening.

At present, there is no specific drug to treat HPV. Through regular screening, we can observe the situation of HPV infection, so that we can treat it at an appropriate time and reduce the risk of cancer.

Personal life is very healthy, how can you be infected with HPV?

HPV virus spreads in various ways.

It can be widely spread among people through skin contact, and more than 80% of women have been infected with HPV at least once in their lives. Sexual life is the main reason why HPV spreads around the anus and genitals. Sticking to the correct use of condoms can reduce the risk of HPV infection.

Generally speaking, there are many ways of HPV infection. At present, there is no good way to prevent HPV infection, but healthy living habits, such as quitting smoking and drinking, and wiping separately after going to the toilet may reduce the probability of HPV infection. Even if you are infected with HPV, you don’t have to be nervous, because most HPV infections can be monitored regularly after infection, and generally will naturally fade away soon.

How to prevent HPV transmission?

Vaccination with HPV vaccine can safely prevent cancer caused by persistent HPV infection.

Vaccination with tetravalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine can also prevent condyloma acuminatum, which is a benign disease, but the treatment failure rate is relatively high, affecting physical and mental health. Therefore, for the majority of women, it is very necessary to vaccinate HPV vaccine.

How to choose HPV vaccine?

At present, three different vaccines have been developed, which are divided into bivalent, tetravalent and nonavalent vaccines according to the number of HPV subtypes they target. Simply put, bivalent HPV vaccine is aimed at HPV types 16 and 18; The tetravalent HPV vaccine is aimed at HPV6, 11, 16 and 18; The nine-valent HPV vaccine not only targets the same HPV subtype as the four-valent vaccine, but also targets types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. At present, HPV vaccines are all preventive vaccines, aiming at preventing initial HPV infection and subsequent HPV-related diseases.

At present, many hospitals, from community medical service centers to tertiary hospitals, have HPV vaccines, and these HPV vaccines can be safely vaccinated. Because of limited resources, the queue time of nine-valent vaccine will be longer. If resources and funds are not a problem, it is recommended to vaccinate the nine-valent HPV vaccine. If there is no nine-valent HPV vaccine, tetravalent HPV vaccine and bivalent HPV vaccine are also good choices, because both vaccines cover the most dangerous types 16 and 18. Generally speaking, you should try to use the same vaccine preparation to complete vaccination. However, if you don’t know the original HPV vaccine dosage form, you can also use another HPV vaccine preparation to complete the subsequent vaccination.

At what age is it appropriate to get HPV vaccine?

At present, the recommended age of HPV vaccination in China is 9-45 years old. Most countries in the world recommend routine HPV vaccination at the age of 11-12, and some suggest starting from the age of 9. For teenagers and adults aged 13-26, replanting is also recommended if they have not been vaccinated with HPV vaccine or have not completed a series of vaccines.

Why don’t foreign countries recommend routine replanting for adults over 27 years old? This is because with the increase of age, the possibility of infection with subtypes covered by HPV vaccine is gradually increasing. For older people, the benefit and cost performance of HPV vaccination are low. However, research shows that there are two peaks of high-risk infection among women in China: 17-24 years old and 40-44 years old, and single HPV infection is the main infection. Considering the characteristics of female infection and the low coverage rate of cervical cancer screening, experts suggest that women aged 9-26 should be vaccinated with HPV, and women aged 27-45 should be vaccinated when conditions permit. Women over the age of 45 don’t have to worry. At this stage, the HPV vaccine is low in cost performance, and the standardized HPV screening is enough to prevent cancer.

In the recommended age range, the best time for HPV vaccination is before the first sexual intercourse, because HPV vaccine immunization is the most effective for individuals who are not infected with HPV. That is to say, the younger you are when you are vaccinated with HPV, the more the incidence of cervical cancer decreases.

Are there any side effects of vaccination?

Vaccination of HPV vaccine, like other vaccines, may have pain, swelling and erythema at the inoculation site. A few people may have syncope or dizziness, and there are some rare other side effects, which may be related to the adjuvant in the vaccine, so you can rest assured to vaccinate. In addition, HPV vaccine can be safely inoculated in different parts with other vaccines at the same time. At present, there is evidence that inoculation of tetanus, acellular pertussis, diphtheria and inactivated polio vaccine at the same time with HPV vaccine does not damage the immune effect of the body against HPV vaccine or other vaccines at the same time.

Because there is no relevant evidence, it is generally not recommended to vaccinate HPV during pregnancy. However, with the increase of the number of people vaccinated, more and more data about unintentional vaccination after pregnancy show that vaccination during pregnancy has no effect on the safety of mother and child. Nevertheless, the remaining vaccination should be postponed, and it is best for vaccinated women to get pregnant two months after the vaccination is completed. Vaccine does not affect the safety of breastfeeding, but at present, such data are limited, so it is necessary to carefully consider HPV vaccination for lactating women.

I have been infected with HPV before, can I still be vaccinated?

There is no need to evaluate whether you have been infected with HPV before vaccination. A history of abnormal cervical cancer screening, genital warts and HPV infection is not a taboo for HPV immunization. Because these conditions all suggest that HPV was infected in the past, but it is not necessarily HPV subtype infection covered by HPV vaccine. For people who have a history of HPV infection but are still within the recommended age range, vaccination is still recommended because it still has a protective effect on the uninfected vaccine strain HPV virus. However, for people who have been infected with the subtype covered by HPV vaccine, the benefits of immunization are small.

What if we miss the seeds? I have been vaccinated with bivalent or tetravalent HPV vaccine before. Do I need to replant with nine-valent HPV vaccine?

Missing seeds means that immunization is not carried out according to the schedule. At present, the evidence shows that no matter how long the series vaccination is interrupted, it can continue to vaccinate without restarting the series vaccination.

Now it is found that HPV vaccine has a long-lasting protective effect against HPV-related diseases, and there is no need for multiple cropping. For women who have already completed bivalent or tetravalent HPV vaccination, the benefit of using nine-valent vaccine for multiple inoculation may not be obvious, so it is not recommended.

After vaccination with HPV vaccine, can I avoid regular screening?

At present, HPV vaccine can only prevent infection. After vaccination, existing HPV infection, genital warts or precancerous lesions cannot be eliminated, and the vaccine can only prevent cervical cancer caused by seven subtypes at most. After injection of HPV vaccine, other subtypes of HPV may still be infected, which may lead to cancer. Therefore, cervical cancer screening is still needed after HPV vaccination.

On February 28th, in Zhongxing Village, Guanshi Town, Hengyang County, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, the agricultural machinery hand drove the agricultural machinery to work in the field. Photo by Cao Zhengping (Zhongjing Vision)

　　Doing a good job in spring ploughing production and winning a bumper harvest in agriculture is of great significance to winning the battle against poverty and building a well-off society in an all-round way. The reporter learned that due to the epidemic, the current agricultural production faces some outstanding difficulties. But the more complicated the situation, the more we must stabilize agriculture. Moreover, there are still many favorable conditions for stabilizing agricultural production.

　　At present, in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, winter wheat has turned green, and spring field management has begun; In Jiangnan, rape flowers are about to bloom one after another; In South China and Southwest China, some crops have begun to be sown in spring; In the northeast, some places are planning to prepare soil for farming. In the vast vegetable greenhouses and livestock pens, the pace of agricultural production in spring has never stopped.

　　The more complicated the situation, the more we should stabilize agriculture. "This year is a special year. Doing a good job in spring ploughing and winning a bumper harvest in agriculture is of great significance to winning the battle against poverty and building a well-off society in an all-round way." Han Changfu, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said that it is necessary to adhere to the "two mistakes" in epidemic prevention and control and agricultural production, ensure the normal and orderly agricultural production in spring, resolutely fight the tough battle of agricultural harvest in the year of preventing epidemic and winning a well-off life, and ensure that the key tasks of agricultural and rural development are completed as scheduled.

　　Play the agricultural card well and stabilize the basic disk

　　In the past few days, agricultural machinery has roared in the farmland of Zhenqingmei Planting Professional Cooperative in Dongshan Village, Penggao Town, Shangli County, Pingxiang City, Jiangxi Province, and agricultural hand Hu Ruhai has driven the cultivator to shuttle through the fields, and a piece of farmland has become flat. The farmers on the side took advantage of the fine weather to clear the land that had been finished by the machine out of the ditch and sort it into pieces. Li Haijun, chairman of the cooperative, said that the cooperative has 116 mu of farmland, and it is planned to arrange all the farmland in one week without delaying the next planting plan.

　　A year’s plan starts with spring. Liu Changquan, director of the Industrial Economics Office of the Institute of Rural Development of China Academy of Social Sciences, believes that doing a good job in agricultural production is the material basis for coordinating the prevention and control of epidemic situation and economic and social development. Different from industrial production, the object of agricultural production is living organisms, which has its natural laws, and the farming time is urgent and can not be delayed. Agricultural production in spring involves many varieties and a wide range. The area of spring sown grain accounts for more than half of the whole year, and the output of summer grain accounts for about a quarter of the whole year; Spring is the peak season for livestock and poultry to replenish livestock and poultry, and the protection of meat, eggs and milk cannot be separated from the spring.

　　The reporter learned that due to the epidemic, the current agricultural production faces some outstanding difficulties. In some areas, it is difficult for agricultural materials to reach the village, and it is difficult for farmers to go to the fields, which has affected food production to some extent. In some areas, the circulation of important agricultural products such as "vegetable basket" is blocked, vegetables and fruits are unsalable in some areas, live poultry transportation is prohibited in some places, and the normal supply, transportation, slaughter and sales channels of poultry are blocked. In some provinces, it is difficult to sell milk and fish, especially for new agricultural subjects such as family farms, farmers’ cooperatives and leading agricultural enterprises, which are generally faced with difficulties in employment and expensive employment, and encounter difficulties in production and operation.

　　But at the same time, the reporter found that there are still many favorable conditions for stabilizing agricultural production. On the one hand, the policy has support. The central government has continued to support grain production. China has maintained the minimum purchase price of rice and wheat, and the subsidy policy for corn and soybean producers has been generally stable. The purchase subsidy for agricultural machinery has increased, which is conducive to mobilizing farmers’ enthusiasm for farming. Recently, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has put forward a series of policies and measures on the stable production and supply of "vegetable basket" products, spring ploughing and preparation for ploughing, the resumption of aquaculture and the connection between production and marketing of agricultural products. On the other hand, agricultural resources are guaranteed. It is estimated that the demand for hybrid corn and hybrid rice seeds in China this year will be 1.06 billion and 210 million kilograms respectively, and the available seeds will be 1.64 billion and 400 million kilograms respectively. The supply of pesticides and fertilizers is generally guaranteed. It is estimated that more than 22 million sets of various agricultural machinery can be put into use nationwide, and the mechanized tillage rate and mechanized sowing rate of grain and oil crops are over 90% and 55% respectively.

　　Develop planting industry and keep the "rice bag"

　　The latest agricultural situation dispatch of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs shows that the crops in the field are growing well in the country. The area of winter wheat is basically stable, with 11 major winter wheat producing provinces accounting for 83.4%, an increase of 2.7 percentage points over the same period of last year, and the growth of seedlings is better than that of last year. At present, winter wheat in most parts of the north is still in the wintering period. The area of winter rape is more than 92 million mu, up by 2.7 million mu year-on-year. The first-and second-class seedlings in the main producing areas account for 83.3%, up by 1.3 percentage points year-on-year. At present, winter rape in the Yangtze River basin has entered the bud stage.

　　Heilongjiang is the largest province in grain production. At this time, the black land gradually broke the silence. "The crop planting area in the province is expected to remain above 220 million mu, including more than 210 million mu of grain crops." Wang Yongkang, deputy governor of Heilongjiang Province, introduced that Heilongjiang has opened a green channel for agricultural materials, and adopted measures such as special person in charge, special car transportation, special line driving and special person pick-up and drop-off to ensure smooth transportation. Using new media such as Yinong Information Agency and Agricultural Big Data Platform, we will adopt new methods of preparing for farming such as online guidance, ordering, training and loans, so as to prevent and control the epidemic situation and prepare for farming. At present, spring ploughing seeds, pesticides and diesel oil have been put in place, 75% of chemical fertilizers have arrived, and 80% of funds have been raised.

　　Shandong is a major province of wheat production, and 58.6 million mu of wheat is the key period of field management in spring. "At present, the seedling situation in Shandong Province is generally good, and the first and second types of seedlings account for 83% of the total area. In order to stabilize the development of grain production, last year, the province took the stability of grain production as an important indicator, incorporated it into the rural revitalization assessment system, and gradually compacted the responsibility for food security. " Yu Guoan, vice governor of Shandong Province, said that this year, the assessment indicators of grain production will be improved, the assessment efforts will be intensified, and the enthusiasm of grass-roots governments for attaching importance to agriculture and grasping grain will be mobilized. At the same time, we will study and issue implementation opinions on effectively strengthening the construction of high-standard farmland and improving the national food security guarantee capacity, and carry out the green, high-quality and efficient creation of grain in the whole system to continuously improve the level of grain production.

　　Farming time waits for no one, so we should pay close attention to preparing for spring ploughing. Pan Wenbo, director of the Planting Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said that it is necessary to effectively stabilize the grain planting area, promote the introduction of temporary subsidy measures, guide the southern region to resume double-cropping rice, and strive to ensure that the area of early rice is not lower than last year. This year’s structural adjustment will not reduce the grain area, corn should be stabilized, the pilot project of crop rotation and fallow will be adjusted appropriately, and grain feeding will mainly support the farming-pastoral ecotone in the north. Affected by the epidemic, the production and operation of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. are blocked. It is necessary to promote agricultural production enterprises to speed up the resumption of production, open stores as soon as possible, and establish a "green channel" for point-to-point supply and transportation to ensure that they can reach the village before spring ploughing. Strengthen the assistance and guidance for large-scale business entities and promote "one-stop" production custody services.

　　Stabilize the aquaculture industry and ensure the supply of meat, eggs and milk

　　Meat, eggs and milk are the main products of animal husbandry production, and they are also the focus of the people’s "food basket". Recently, all localities and departments have stepped up efforts to continue to promote the incorporation of breeding land into the management of facility agricultural land and the implementation of commitment filing system in environmental assessment, and to verify the clean-up and rectification of no-breeding areas. At present, the pilot project of mortgage loan for pig breeding has been expanded from four provinces to the whole country, and the scope of discount subsidy for farm households’ loans has been adjusted from more than 5,000 to more than 500 per year. With the expansion of loan scale, more and more farm households have begun to benefit. All localities have also made efforts to solve the difficulties encountered by poultry breeding due to the epidemic situation, and supported farmers to speed up the replenishment of poultry columns to ensure that poultry meat production will continue to increase throughout the year.

　　Sichuan is the largest province for pig production. "In January this year, there were 29 million pigs in the province, including 2.8 million fertile sows, and the production of pigs increased steadily and slightly." Yao Sidan, vice governor of Sichuan Province, said that the provincial finance in Sichuan allocated 300 million yuan to subsidize new fertile sows according to the standard of each 300 yuan. For free-range farmers, we will promote the model of "company+farmers" to help small and medium-sized farmers develop standardized farming. Carry out "peer-to-peer" services to help feed and slaughter enterprises and 504 pig farm projects to speed up the resumption of work and production. At present, the slaughtering enterprises in the province have basically resumed work, and the rate of returning to work for feed enterprises has reached over 85%. Looking at the whole year, the annual task of slaughtering 60 million pigs is expected to be fully completed.

　　Hunan Province actively implemented the "High-quality Hunan Pig" project. The province will reward the newly built, renovated and expanded standardized pig farms according to the new production capacity. If the annual production capacity is 10,000 to 30,000, the subsidy will be 500,000 yuan; More than 30 thousand heads, a subsidy of 800 thousand yuan. Support the expansion of the pilot scope of live pig price insurance, help farmers connect with loan financing institutions, and ease the financial difficulties of farmers. At present, 187 new large-scale aquaculture projects in the province have started to resume work one after another, and it is estimated that the new production capacity will be 9.3 million heads during the year; In January this year, the slaughter of pigs in the province increased by 32.78% month-on-month, and the basic production capacity of farms with an annual slaughter of more than 500 pigs recovered quickly.

　　"Implement policies and measures to every rural household, and follow up the problem solving situation to every enterprise to ensure that the basic production capacity of livestock and poultry breeding industry is not lost." Yang Zhenhai, director of the Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said that it is necessary to do everything possible to speed up the recovery and development of pig production and actively promote the stable development of poultry and other aquaculture industries. It is necessary to speed up the resource utilization of livestock and poultry breeding waste, ensure the comprehensive utilization rate to reach more than 75%, and the supporting rate of facilities and equipment for large-scale farms to reach more than 95%. It is necessary to support the development of standardized scale farming, promote the comprehensive revitalization of the dairy industry, promote the quality improvement and efficiency improvement of the feed and veterinary drug industry, and promote the transformation and upgrading of the slaughtering industry. (Economic Daily China Economic Net reporter Qiao Jinliang)