In the fourth quarter of this year, the central government will issue another 1,000 billion yuan of national debt in 2023. In order to promote the accurate and effective use of funds, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance, together with relevant parties, are coordinating the implementation of national debt projects. In view of the problems of how to arrange the national debt projects that are most concerned by all sectors of society and how to bring benefits into play as soon as possible, CCTV reporters from the General Station conducted an exclusive interview with the relevant person in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission.

　　Additional issuance of national debt will enhance China’s disaster prevention, mitigation and relief capabilities.

　　The person in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission said that in recent years, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Northeast China, Henan and other places have suffered from heavy rains and floods, and various extreme natural disasters have occurred frequently, exposing that there are still many shortcomings in the construction of infrastructure projects such as flood control and disaster relief, and it is urgent to increase investment.

　　Wang Xintong, Deputy Director of Regional Revitalization Department of National Development and Reform Commission:Focus on post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. Based on solving the people’s urgent difficulties and worries, we will promote the restoration and reconstruction of damaged houses, hospitals, schools and other public service facilities closely related to people’s livelihood as soon as possible, and simultaneously do a good job in the restoration and reconstruction of water-damaged infrastructure and industrial ecology, improve the production and living conditions in disaster areas, and effectively increase people’s happiness, sense of acquisition and sense of security. Effectively improve the ability of regional water security and the level of disaster prevention and mitigation.

　　According to reports, the proposed issuance of treasury bonds will further enhance China’s disaster prevention, mitigation and relief capabilities, enhance grassroots disaster prevention and avoidance capabilities, accelerate the improvement of flood control engineering systems in river basins, especially major river basins in northern China, and strengthen the planning and construction of urban flood control and drainage capabilities.

　　Qiu Tianchao, Deputy Director of the Rural Economic Department of the National Development and Reform Commission and First Class Inspector:Accelerate the construction of flood control projects such as reservoirs, dikes, flood storage and detention areas, build a modern rain monitoring network and an intelligent dispatching decision-making system, further improve the flood control engineering system of the river basin, especially the major rivers in the northern region, and improve the flood prevention capability of the river basin as a whole; On the other hand, while focusing on supporting North China, Northeast China and other places, all qualified damaged farmland will be restored and upgraded to high-standard farmland, and at the same time, the construction of high-standard farmland in the affected areas and other areas will be supported as a whole.

　　Treasury bond funds will be invested in projects with mature conditions and high quality.

　　What projects will the additional national debt be invested in? How to filter projects? The relevant person in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission said that the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance will, together with relevant departments, pay close attention to the implementation of treasury bonds to projects that meet the investment requirements, are mature and have high quality, accelerate the construction and implementation of treasury bonds, and give full play to the efficiency in the use of treasury bonds.

　　The funds for this additional issuance of treasury bonds will all be managed according to the project. The National Development and Reform Commission will implement the principle of "funds and elements follow the project" and work with the Ministry of Finance in conjunction with relevant parties to promote all the work as a whole.

　　Luo Guosan, Director of the Fixed Assets Investment Department of the National Development and Reform Commission:Give priority to supporting the national "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" and the projects specified in the key plans of the State Council, relevant departments or localities. Through the project construction, the planning and implementation will be strongly supported, the intensity of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction will be intensified, and the ability of disaster prevention, mitigation and relief will be enhanced. On the other hand, for some areas that are mainly small-scale projects and have not yet made special plans, we should also work hard to formulate implementation plans and clarify the specific scope of support, construction tasks and support standards.

　　The person in charge said that the project needs to conform to the planning or implementation plan to avoid over-standard construction and redundant construction; It is necessary to meet the requirements of investment fields, accurately focus on post-disaster recovery and reconstruction, and improve disaster prevention, mitigation and relief capabilities. In addition, the project has to meet the requirements of mature preliminary work and matching the capital demand with the construction progress.

　　Luo Guosan, Director of the Fixed Assets Investment Department of the National Development and Reform Commission:In fact, we have arranged relevant work since September, and we have asked the local authorities to declare a number of projects. After screening, a number of projects basically meet the requirements. Now the local authorities are accelerating the preliminary work of the projects, and the construction can be started as soon as the funds arrive, so that the physical workload can be realized as soon as possible.

　　Establish a working mechanism for the implementation of additional national debt projects

　　At present, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance have established a working mechanism with relevant departments to implement additional treasury bonds projects, so as to ensure that newly started projects can start construction as soon as possible, and projects under construction can form a large physical workload this year and next.

　　Qiu Tianchao, Deputy Director of the Rural Economic Department of the National Development and Reform Commission and First Class Inspector:At present, in accordance with the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, our National Development and Reform Commission, together with the Ministry of Finance and relevant departments, has formed a working mechanism for the implementation of the project of issuing additional treasury bonds, and has reached an agreement, and will soon carry out joint work to strengthen the project audit.

　　The person in charge said that all localities will be organized quickly, and a number of projects that meet the investment field, mature preliminary work and good economic and social benefits will be sorted out and submitted based on the national library of major construction projects; Pay close attention to the organization to carry out project screening and audit, select projects as soon as possible, issue project lists and arrange the amount. In addition, it is necessary to speed up the implementation of the project, and guide the local authorities to increase the project promotion in conjunction with the competent departments of various industries.

　　Wang Xintong, Deputy Director of Regional Revitalization Department of National Development and Reform Commission:This part of the funds is full of expectations, and the other is also implemented as an important political task, and some urgently needed projects are built to the letter.

　　In view of this additional issuance of treasury bonds, we will also strengthen supervision and inspection of the construction of treasury bonds projects and the use of funds through online monitoring and on-site supervision, so as to promote the smooth construction and implementation of the projects. Problems such as misappropriation of funds for treasury bonds projects will be seriously pursued in accordance with relevant regulations.

　　(Headquarters CCTV reporter Yue Qun Wu Hao Zhang Yizhen Gao Wei)

　　　　Related news:　　　From May 1st, the ban on overseas cartoons will be extended by one hour.　　　　

　　　　CCTV.com News: The news broadcast of Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station ignored the orders of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT), wantonly played up sexual life, sexual experience, sexual experience and sexual organs in several sets of radio programs, and boasted about the function of sexual drugs. Today, it was severely criticized by SARFT, and the illegal programs were stopped and cancelled.

　　　　According to the website of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, on September 13, 2007, Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station broadcasted sexual obscenity and indecent programs on urban and economic frequencies, which was explicitly stopped by the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television. On November 12th, 2007, Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station changed the name of Jin Tao’s Talk about Sex, which was stopped, to Jin Tao’s Night Talk, and was ordered by the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television to investigate and deal with it again. Since mid-January, 2008, when the whole province of Guizhou is united in fighting against the snowstorm and freezing disaster, the news broadcast of Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station has continued to broadcast obscene and obscene programs that exaggerate sexual life, sexual experience, sexual experience, sexual organs and sexual medicine functions in the programs of Health Special Line and Healthy World. The informed criticism issued by the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television to Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station was copied to the CPC Guizhou Provincial Committee and the Guizhou Provincial People’s Government.

　　　　The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) pointed out that since September 2007, radio, film and television administrative departments at all levels in China and radio and television broadcasters have conscientiously implemented the spirit of the Central Committee, and in accordance with the unified arrangements of SARFT, seriously rectified and severely investigated pornographic and obscene programs, and achieved remarkable results, which were fully affirmed by the Central Committee and praised by the broad masses. The fact that Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station refuses to implement the provisions of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, and its programs involving sexual obscenity and obscenity are repeatedly banned fully shows that Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station is indifferent in orientation and position awareness, lax in political discipline and propaganda discipline, lacking due social responsibility and professional quality, lax in rules and regulations, and weak in propaganda management, which must be dealt with seriously.

　　　　The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television severely criticized Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station and its principal responsible persons, and informed the whole country.

　　　　The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television ordered the Guizhou Provincial Radio and Television Bureau to immediately stop broadcasting and cancel the sexually obscene and obscene programs such as Health Line and Healthy World of Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station, seriously rectify Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station, severely investigate and deal with relevant personnel and persons in charge of Guizhou People’s Broadcasting Station and news broadcasting in strict accordance with relevant regulations, and report the investigation to the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television as soon as possible.

　　　　The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television requires that all provincial, district (city) radio, film and television bureaus should be duty-bound, strictly implement the relevant publicity management regulations of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, earnestly perform their publicity management duties, and once again conduct a comprehensive and thorough clean-up and inspection of radio and television broadcasters within their jurisdiction, especially those at prefecture (city) and county levels. It is necessary to take measures to check at all levels, implement responsibilities, and not neglect their duties, perfunctory, and whitewash. To strengthen the work of listening and watching, strict supervision and management, to prevent the resurgence of pornographic programs, and in March 10, 2008, the clean-up inspection will be reported to the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television. The administrative departments of radio, film and television at all levels and radio and television broadcasters should conscientiously organize study, convey and implement the spirit of a series of documents issued by the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television on the thorough rectification of pornographic and obscene programs, strengthen the sense of orientation and position, emphasize social responsibility and post responsibility, improve the censorship system and broadcasting system, be serious about political discipline and propaganda discipline, increase supervision and investigation, and resolutely ban them to ensure the correct orientation of radio and television propaganda.

　　　　The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television emphasizes that radio, film and television administrative departments at all levels and radio and television broadcasters should thoroughly implement the spirit of the 17th Party Congress, vigorously publicize the socialist core value system, adhere to the orientation of advanced socialist culture, firmly grasp the correct direction of public opinion, keep in mind the social responsibility of radio and television, resolutely safeguard the good image of radio and television, always put social benefits first, advocate the concept of harmony, cultivate the spirit of harmony and build a harmonious culture.

　　　　The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) said that it would continue to supervise and inspect the rectification of pornographic and obscene radio and television programs in various places. Anyone who refuses to implement the provisions of the General Administration will be found together and investigated together, and the mechanism of punishment, accountability and withdrawal of radio and television broadcasters will be started in accordance with relevant regulations. At the same time, the audience is welcome to report, and the telephone number of illegal programs of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television is 010-86095315; The online reporting address is http://www.chinasarft.gov.cn/.　

Editor: Feng Ye

　　CCTV News:Under the background of complicated and changeable international trade environment and slow recovery of international investment, although some enterprises have moved their manufacturing bases from China to lower-cost areas, more investors are optimistic about the future development of China market.

　　In the process of moving towards the high end of the global value chain, where should China enterprises compete in the value chain? From "Made in China" to "Made in China", what efforts should be made? A number of business representatives discussed these issues in the column "On Tao".

　　Pang Guanglian, Secretary-General of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry International Capacity Cooperation Enterprise Alliance: In the process of this value chain reconstruction, some China enterprises have moved to Southeast Asia due to the increase of this cost, but recently we were in Zhejiang, and I recently visited more than 40 enterprises in Zhejiang. Many Zhejiang enterprises went to Vietnam and Cambodia, and after investing, they came back two years later, because China is the most complete among all industrial categories stipulated by the United Nations, with supporting infrastructure and industry.

　　You Feifeng, Chairman of Huafeng New Materials Company: From a long-term perspective, if we carry out some industrial transfer, it must be considered by some comprehensive factors, which is called comprehensive cost in our industry. Although it is said that low-end industries will inevitably move to some areas with lower comprehensive costs, some high-end industries may still develop further in some industries under the influence of such factors as being close to resources and some markets.

　　Pang Guanglian: But we must also see a trend now. The production focus of our entire petrochemical products has indeed shifted from west to east. Now China has occupied 39.4% of the world’s chemical production, which is close to 40%. According to BASF’s new CEO, it is possible that by 2030, the total output value of China’s chemical industry will occupy half of the whole world, and then a major change will take place.

　　Another is the focus of production, which gradually concentrates on the supply places of raw material production resources. In recent years, the flammable oil and gas in the United States has risen rapidly. As Mr. kadouri said yesterday, the total investment in the petrochemical industry in the United States in recent years has reached 230 billion US dollars, which is an amazing data. Many China enterprises, including those present here, are now choosing to invest in the Middle East, so now the whole world market is inseparable. You have me and I have you. Whether we let foreign-funded enterprises enter China or China enterprises go abroad, Chinese and foreign enterprises will cooperate with each other. This is the way to be king in the future.

　　You Feifeng: In the development of Huafeng for many years, it also relies on the introduction of some technologies from BASF and Kostron in China and the investment from their factories in China, which has provided us with some very stable help in the supply of raw materials for upstream resources.

　　In this process, Huafeng has sold some of our own products to BASF and Costron through years of development and some breakthroughs in its own products. Therefore, in the layout of the whole industrial chain, everyone is in a very high degree of cooperation and a state of common development and sharing development with all parties in the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain.

　　Lei Huanli, President of Kostron China: I think we are very happy from Kostron or myself, that is to say, we will continue to open wider to the outside world.

　　Second, I said that this openness is an ideological openness. This ideological openness is how to make these partners in each value chain stronger. We should do our duty as local residents or citizens. That responsibility means that we have some good practices and practices that we can learn from. We are willing to discuss with all partners in the value chain. This concept, which goes back to our company, is sustainable development. We should pay enough attention to the respect of resources, because resources are owned by everyone, shared by all and the earth, and we can’t squander them at will.

　　If we can work together and do this thing well together, I think it will be very, very good As a multinational company, we are deeply involved in this market. When we regard ourselves as a local market, we actually have this responsibility. We are also willing to fulfill this obligation and do this with our partners or with the government.

　　Yu Feng, Chairman of Honeywell China: Because Honeywell itself is a company with a sales volume of US$ 40 billion and a market value of more than US$ 100 billion, it has a large business in the world. We have some experience in so many businesses, and we also have many lessons, experiences and lessons to tell us. If an enterprise wants to be sustainable in a market, it must make use of its own advantages and the advantages of local partners, so win-win cooperation is the long-term direction in the future.

　　Second, there is another important method, that is, innovation. No matter how the value chain changes in the future, we must have our own original technology and depth. We must firmly believe that only depth will make this enterprise have a high level. Innovation costs money, and innovation needs lasting investment.

　　Therefore, my third suggestion must be management. We have some original inventions in the world ten years ago, and the market share in China is zero. Why? It’s not that the technology is bad, but that the price is too high and the cost is too high. Our cost is higher than the price that our customers in China can accept. So what should we do? Through management, these technologies have been localized and cooperated with local suppliers, and the cost has been greatly reduced. Therefore, these technologies have experienced triple-digit growth in China in the past few years. Therefore, as management requires efficiency, after improving efficiency, it will be fed back to our research and development and our innovation.

CCTV News:With the approach of the Spring Festival, the flavor of the year is getting stronger all over the country, and the sales of traditional handicrafts such as lanterns and Spring Festival couplets and new year goods such as bacon are booming.

These days, the streets and alleys of Suining, Sichuan are covered with red lanterns, and there is a festive and lively atmosphere everywhere. Some urban landscapes with red, yellow and green as the main colors at intersections have also appeared one by one.

In the market, decorations such as red Spring Festival couplets, various blessings and Chinese knots are dazzling, and many window grilles, pillows and red envelopes with tiger characters and tiger patterns are also very popular. In addition to traditional holiday supplies, flowers have also become the choice of many citizens. Adding some auspicious flowers to the family not only brings a good mood for the new year, but also dresses up the festive atmosphere.

In Sinan, Guizhou, Tujia bacon such as sausage is popular in the market.

Due to the epidemic, many Sinan people who are away from home choose to celebrate the New Year on the spot, and buying local new year’s goods through the Internet has become their first choice to feel the taste of their hometown. Sinan Tujia preserved meat has a long history. It enters the twelfth lunar month every year, and the preserved meat is fragrant everywhere in Sinan urban and rural areas. People cut pork into strips and chunks when making preserved meat, and pickled it with more than 10 seasonings such as pepper, pepper and star anise for 5-mdash; After 7 days, it was baked with smoke and charcoal fire.

In Nanning, Guangxi, on the eve of the Spring Festival every year, festive New Year’s Eve flowers are an essential new year’s goods in many citizens’ shopping lists.

As the Spring Festival approaches, the sales of handicrafts symbolizing festive atmosphere in Gaoping, Shanxi are hot. In the manual lantern production workshop, workers step up the production of various lanterns, with a clear division of labor in painting, pasting and assembly. It takes at least one day to make an ordinary lantern. Handmade workers integrate modern aesthetics on the basis of traditional handicrafts, and social fire props such as dragon dance, lion dance, dry boat and Jiulian lantern create a strong auspicious and festive flavor.

　　Happy new year, happy and auspicious. On the morning of January 27th, the Central Radio and Television General Station held a press conference on the Spring Festival Gala in 2022. The relevant person in charge introduced in detail a number of innovative highlights of this Spring Festival Evening.

　　Hard core technology brings all-round audio-visual enjoyment

　　In the innovative practice of building the strategic pattern of "5G+4K/8K+AI" in the Spring Festival Evening of 2022, a number of cutting-edge scientific and technological means were actively applied, making the Spring Festival Evening a big stage for the media scientific and technological innovation display of the Headquarters.

　　△ Jiang Wenbo, a member of the editorial meeting of the Central Radio and Television General Station, introduced the highlights of technological innovation in the Spring Festival Evening of 2022.

　　8K Ultra HD TV is the highest level TV standard in the world today. The main station is not only a participant in the formulation of this standard, but also a practitioner of its application. After a year’s efforts, the 8K ultra-high-definition TV standard of the main station has completed the construction of the full link system of 8K production, broadcasting, transmission and presentation. This year’s Spring Festival Gala will be broadcast live on CCTV-8K Ultra HD channel. At the same time, the city will be lit up through "100 cities and thousands of screens", and a brand-new spatial media communication matrix will be constructed by the integration of "8K ultra-high-definition channel+landmark big screen". It is worth mentioning that the audience can listen to the TV sound synchronized with the 8K ultra-high-definition big screen through the "100-screen Walkman" WeChat applet, so that people can enjoy the ultra-clear, colorful and vivid audio-visual feast in front of the outdoor big screen.

　　This year’s Spring Festival Gala used LED screen for the first time to create a 720-degree dome space, and the giant dome design made the audience and the main stage integrated. The LED screen of 4306 square meters constitutes a highly malleable three-dimensional broadcast space, which breaks through the space limitation. For the first time, the sound reinforcement system is designed by multi-point sound reinforcement in different regions, and the volume and time delay of speakers in each region are accurately controlled, creating a good listening environment for the audience.

　　In addition, there are 130 4K cameras in the studio hall. Through the real-time processing and production of the collected video stream, the wonderful free-view video content such as "time and space condensation" and "multi-dimensional transformation" can be watched continuously, which fully meets the audience’s personalized immersive viewing needs.

　　The main station also makes full use of XR, AR virtual vision technology, holographic scanning technology and 8K naked-eye 3D presentation technology to break through the time and space constraints and bring vivid stereoscopic images to the audience. The AI multi-modal moving capture system is used to collect the actor’s trajectory and figure, and the three-dimensional coordinates of the actor’s figure image are calculated in real time by AI algorithm, so that the digital model and the actor can complete the action performance synchronously, efficiently and accurately, and create a magical visual effect of virtual and real interaction.

　　The content is novel and unique, restoring the true nature of life

　　The 2022 Spring Festival Gala adheres to the main tone of "happiness, auspiciousness and jubilation", adheres to the creative principle of "keeping integrity, innovating and creating new colors", pays attention to the organic combination and mutual transformation of ideas, art and technology, and strives to show the real and simple life with rich program styles, and highlights the annual flavor of reunion, reunion and unity in a festive and warm atmosphere.

　　△ Wang Xiaozhen, member of the editorial meeting of the Central Radio and Television General Station and director of the editorial office, introduced the overall preparations for the Spring Festival Evening in 2022.

　　The whole party not only has many kinds of programs familiar to the audience, such as language, song and dance, folk art, magic acrobatics, etc., but also has creative programs full of innovative atmosphere and high-tech means, creating a strong atmosphere of family reunion and happiness, and at the same time showing the world the festive colors of China’s land to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, and Chinese people around the world to welcome the traditional festivals.

　　Language programs immerse the heart, feelings and thoughts into daily life, and strive to show various life appearances through different observation angles. There are warm comedies that reflect the deep affection between father and son, the relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, stories that satirize dishonest behavior, and cross talk performances that imitate others … … Let everyone feel colorful life in knowing laughter.

　　Song-and-dance programs will use a series of affectionate works to show the true feelings and the beautiful picture of the times, and carry forward and inherit the excellent Chinese traditional culture. Among them, there are not only carefully created new tracks, but also well-known classic melodies, showing China’s innovative changes, beauty of the times and forge ahead in the new era.

　　△ 8K TV set displayed on site

　　This year’s Spring Festival Evening also paid special attention to inviting many famous old artists such as Li Xuejian to be present, and gathered in the studio with a group of young and middle-aged powerful actors to join the people of the whole country in bidding farewell to the old year and welcoming the new year.

　　Cross-screen gala

　　The "Spring Festival Evening Broadcast Matrix" forms a "blowing open the petals of ten thousand pear trees" trend.

　　The Spring Festival Gala has gone through forty years, which is the emotional sustenance and aesthetic enjoyment of the vast audience, and it is also a beautiful companion for family reunion. This year, the reception desk will launch "Watching the Spring Festival Evening with Vertical Screen" for the first time, providing a brand-new visual experience for the audience. The system will realize the mixed production and broadcasting of high-definition and 4K new media signals on the spot with lightweight and all-IP deployment, and the unified switching of horizontal and vertical screens, so as to realize the new mode of "cross-screen" live broadcast in the Spring Festival Evening of 2022. Users can independently choose fresh viewing angles through new media platforms such as CCTV video, CCTV news and CCTV literature and art, highlighting the youth and new vitality of the Spring Festival Evening.

　　In addition, a series of wonderful programs, such as While the Spring Festival Gala is Going on, The Year of Dragon and Tiger Leaping in China, The Legendary China Festival, will form a "Spring Festival Gala Broadcasting Matrix", which will extend the joy, auspiciousness and jubilation of the Spring Festival Gala to the whole Spring Festival holiday and accompany the broad audience to have a happy reunion year.

　　On New Year’s Eve, "Spring Festival Gala 2022" will be broadcast simultaneously on CCTV comprehensive channel, variety channel, Chinese international channel, national defense and military channel, children’s channel, agricultural and rural channel, Olympic channel, 4K/8K ultra-high-definition channel and other broadcasting frequencies, such as the sound of literature and art, the sound of music, classical music broadcasting, the sound of Greater Bay Area, the sound of the South China Sea, the sound of Taiwan and the sea, Chinese global broadcasting and China traffic broadcasting.

　　At the same time, CCTV video, CCTV news new media, CCTV network, cloud listening and other new media platforms are broadcast simultaneously. CGTN (China International Television) English, Spanish, French, Arabic and Russian channels and 44 foreign new media platforms will link more than 600 media in more than 170 countries and regions around the world to broadcast and report the Spring Festival Gala live.

　　Starting from the "new", give your heart and soul. The reception desk will use the next few days to polish every program carefully, and go all out to create a successful, wonderful and unforgettable Spring Festival Gala, and create a happy, festive and peaceful China Year with a well-cooked dinner. Let’s meet in the Spring Festival Evening and go to spring together!

During the Spring Festival holiday in 2025, the number of traffic trips exceeded 2.3 billion.

On the 5th, the reporter learned from the 2025 Spring Festival travel rush Comprehensive Transportation Work Class that during the Spring Festival holiday this year (from January 28th to February 4th), the cross-regional personnel flow of the whole society was 2,306.845 million.

Specifically, the passenger traffic by railway is 96.26 million, the passenger flow by road is 2,182.93 million (the passenger travel by non-operating passenger cars on expressways and provincial highways is 1,989.65 million, and the passenger traffic by road is 193.28 million), the passenger traffic by waterway is 9.413 million, and the passenger traffic by civil aviation is 18.2415 million.

Original Zhao Bei Ten-Point Science

Because of the aging immune system, vaccines are less effective for the elderly. Scientists believe that it is more important and more widely used to develop drugs that can enhance the immune function of the elderly than to develop vaccines for the elderly.

Along with skin aging, there is also the immune system. | Figure worm creativity

Author | Doctor of Immunology, Zhao Bei

Recently, many deaths caused by influenza vaccine in Korea have attracted attention. As of October 31st, the death toll rose to 83, of which 71 were over 70 years old (accounting for 85.5%). In addition to the possible quality problems of the vaccine itself, it also reminds us of the fact that the role of the vaccine for young people and the elderly is different.

This is also a difficult point in the development of COVID19 vaccine.

Increasing age, and aging immune system

As people get older, we experience a series of physical changes, such as hearing loss, skin relaxation, joint injury and so on, and even the vitality of the immune system gradually decreases. This phenomenon is called "immune aging". This is also the reason why the elderly have become the main targets of infection and death in Covid-19.

In the face of the out-of-control epidemic in COVID-19, USA, and the emergence of the second round of epidemic peak in Europe, vaccine research and development is in full swing in various countries, which is expected to be a life-saving straw to reverse the situation.

However, vaccines, a means of "actively mobilizing the human immune system to prevent real virus attacks", are usually far less effective in the elderly population-the immune response of the elderly to vaccines is often weaker. That is, the immune system of the elderly is more difficult to be mobilized by vaccines.

This means that vaccines may not protect those who need protection most.

So, how does the immune system age?

Our bodies are naturally resistant to most pathogens. Although the environment is full of pathogens, we still live well most of the time.

The human immune system is divided into innate immunity and acquired immunity. The former is universal immunity. When the body encounters foreign objects (such as skin and mucous membrane), innate immunity will respond quickly. However, although it responds quickly, its ability is limited and it is often broken. For example, when it meets Covid-19, it can’t hold on.

The latter is the acquired immunity of the body, that is, for some pathogens that have not been seen before, the body must first fight with it and learn from it before it can gain immunity to it. The power of acquired immunity is very powerful. As long as the body can withstand the attack of pathogens in "learning" and meet the same pathogens in the future, it will not be a problem at all. For example, infectious diseases such as smallpox and chickenpox, if you get it once, you will generally not get it again.

When the body is invaded by foreign pathogens, such as viruses, innate immunity and acquired immunity will cooperate to resist.

In the innate immune system, immune cells, such as phagocytes and natural killer cells, will recognize or even devour the virus first, and secrete a large number of cytokines to summon more immune cells with different functions to join the battle. Some of these cells, such as phagocytes and dendritic cells, will also transmit the antigens of these viruses (substances that can cause antibody production) to the subsequent T cells and B cells, which are representatives of acquired immune cells.

T-cells and B-cells (shown here as antibodies produced by B-cells) are representatives of immune cells, and they are named after mature parts. The former is mature in thymus (English) and the latter is mature in bone marrow (English). Both are star immune cells. | Figure worm creativity

These two kinds of cells can not only produce antibodies and cytokines to quickly destroy the virus, but also form specific memory cells, so that they can respond quickly after encountering the same virus again.

When the immune system destroys the virus, immune cells will gather locally in the body, forming redness, swelling and heat pain, which is what we usually call inflammation. Proinflammatory factors secreted during this period, such as interleukin -1 and tumor necrosis factor α, can promote the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, but excessive inflammation may lead to cytokine storms and even life-threatening. Another kind of anti-inflammatory factor, such as interleukin -10, can prevent excessive inflammation and maintain the balance of the body environment.

These factors together constitute our immunity.

And what will happen to our immune function as we get older? What is the impact on vaccine development?

Compared with young people, the immune aging of the elderly is mainly manifested in two aspects:

The initial number of T cells and B cells decreased. Vaccine mainly stimulates B cells to produce antibodies. Only when there are a large number of B cells with high diversity of receptors in the body, the greater the probability of recognizing antigens, and the targeted (directional) antibodies and memory B cells can be formed. -The decrease of B cells will undoubtedly weaken this effect.

Chronic low-grade inflammation is easy to occur after vaccination. The aging and necrotic cells in the elderly can not be removed in time, which will stimulate the immune system continuously, causing immune cells (such as macrophages) to continuously secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the immune response cannot be terminated. The consequence is that the immune system can’t respond the next time the pathogenic microorganism attacks the human body, that is, immune dysfunction.

These lead to different effects of vaccines in the elderly and young people.

Vaccine research and development under "immune aging";

A special vaccine or an auxiliary drug to reverse aging?

For Covid-19, there are about 50 kinds of vaccines being tested in the world, but scientists are still not sure whether the vaccines are equally effective for the elderly.

One of the vaccines "mRNA-1273" being developed by Moderna, a biological company located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, produced antibody levels similar to those of younger subjects in 40 subjects over the age of 56.

However, Pfizer and BioNTech, pharmaceutical companies located in Mainz, Germany, found in the first phase of the experiment that the antibody level induced by the vaccine "BNT162b2" was only half that of young people. It is certain that the antibody level produced by the elderly after vaccination is higher than that caused by the virus infection of their peers, but this is still not enough to explain whether the antibody induced by "BNT162b2" is enough to protect the elderly from the real virus attack.

Most of the vaccines being developed have elderly subjects, but more than half of the 18 latest candidate vaccines have no elderly subjects in clinical trials, which greatly increases the potential risks of vaccines to the elderly.

Some vaccines are being developed, which may have hidden dangers for the elderly. | Figure worm creativity

Facing the phenomenon of immune aging of the elderly, scientists are also actively looking for strategies.

Mainly includes the following two aspects:

(1) The first is how to enhance the immune response of the elderly induced by vaccines.

According to the experience in the research and development of influenza vaccine, the elderly are usually treated by increasing immune stimulating components (such as adjuvants) or increasing the dose of virus antigen to achieve the expected antibody level.

Other scientists have turned to developing drugs to enhance the immune system function of the elderly, that is, supplementing drugs at the same time of vaccination. This way aims to promote the rejuvenation of the immune system of the elderly, even reverse immune aging, and can also resist the virus more effectively when it is infected.

In the above two schemes, the research on reversing age, especially immune aging, has made some progress. In the past 20 years, scientists have found some key small molecular targets. One kind of anti-aging drugs acts on the protein molecule mTOR in the cell growth regulation pathway. Experiments show that inhibiting the expression of mTOR can prolong the life of Drosophila and even mice.

Joan Mannick, one of the founders of resTORbio, a biotechnology company in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, said that "mTOR participates in many biological regulation mechanisms, especially the process of human aging and organ dysfunction".

During his work at Novartis Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Mannick published a study on mTOR protein in 2018, trying to answer the question "Can reducing the content of mTOR protein in the elderly improve the immune system function of the elderly?". 264 participants in the study received low-dose mTOR inhibitor or placebo respectively, and after six weeks, the infection rate of influenza virus and the effect of influenza vaccine were followed up. It was found that the number of people suffering from influenza in the elderly who received mTOR inhibitors decreased significantly, and the immune response caused by influenza vaccine was stronger.

Another study shows that mTOR inhibitor RTB101 can enhance the immune response of the elderly after coronavirus infection, and the elderly who receive mTOR inhibitor have lower coronavirus load and recover faster. At present, resTORbio is testing the preventive or therapeutic effect of RTB101 on Covid-19 infection in 550 elderly people over 65 years old in nursing homes.

In addition, at least four research teams are studying the therapeutic effect of rapamycin, another more mature mTOR inhibitor, on the elderly over 60 years old infected with COVID-19.

In addition, metformin, a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, also inhibits the activity of mTOR protein. Clinical data from China and the United States show that diabetic or obese patients who take metformin have less symptoms of Covid-19 infection and lower mortality.

Carolyn Bramante, a researcher at the University of Minnesota in the United States, pointed out that people with diabetes and obesity show immune deficiency very similar to that of the elderly. At present, Bramante and his colleagues are conducting a study involving 1,500 people to explore whether taking metformin can prevent Covid-19’s infection or alleviate its symptoms. Although the mechanism is not clear, decades of clinical data show that metformin has high safety, can be used in children and even pregnant women, and the cost is very low, which are the advantages of metformin.

(2) The second key is how to avoid causing or how to terminate chronic inflammatory reaction.

Studies have found that losmapimod, an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat muscular dystrophy, can inhibit chronic inflammatory response and improve the body’s response when viruses or bacteria invade. A biological company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA recruited 400 volunteers to verify the therapeutic effect of losmapimod on patients with COVID-19. The drug may be able to treat symptoms such as respiratory failure after Covid-19 infection, thus saving patients’ lives.

Many scientists say that it is more important to develop drugs to enhance the immune function of the elderly than to develop COVID-19 vaccine for the elderly, and the latter is more universal, which can improve the protection effect of influenza vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine and even other vaccines in the future. A deep understanding of immune aging and its regulation mechanism and the development of related drugs will also have far-reaching implications for the treatment of other diseases such as diabetes and cancer.

In short, although there are always difficulties in vaccine development, known or unknown, scientists have been working hard and believe that methods will always be found.

(Editor Gao Peiwen)

Original information:

Cassandra Willyard, Nature vol 586, 15.10.2020

Reference information:

1. Anderson E. J.et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 2020

2. Walsh E. E. etal., Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651 (2020)

3. Helfand B. K. I. et al., JAMA Intern. Med., 2020

4. Mannick J. B. et al., Sci. Transl. Med., 2020

5. Luo P. et al., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2020

6. Bramante, C. et al., Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.20135095(2020)

7. Vukmanovic-Stejic M. et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2018

The article was published by "Ten Points of Science" (ID: Science _ 10) WeChat official account, please indicate the source.

Original title: "Immune aging that cannot be underestimated: old age may lead to ineffective vaccines"

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　　On Tuesday (April 2), Eastern Time, the second quarter of the US stock market seemed to have a bad start. The three major indexes of the US stock market fell across the board overnight. They all fell more than 1% in intraday trading, and the Dow fell nearly 400 points to a two-week low, the biggest daily decline in four weeks with S&P. The expectation of interest rate cuts in the first half of the year was frustrated, and the yield of US bonds rose again, which suppressed the market to some extent. However, the performance of gold is still strong and continues to refresh.

　　At the close, the S&P 500 index fell 0.72% to 5205.81 points; The Dow Jones index fell 1.00% to 39,170.24 points; The Nasdaq index fell 0.95% to 16,240.45.

　　In terms of US bond yield, the 10-year US bond yield once rushed above 4.4% to close at 4.36%, and the 2-year US bond yield, which is most sensitive to the Fed’s policy interest rate, closed at 4.70%.

　　Since Powell reiterated last week that he was in no hurry to cut interest rates, the market sentiment has not been high. And overnight, internal officials of the Federal Reserve once again consolidated this statement, and market sentiment was once again hit.

　　San Francisco Fed President Daley said that three interest rate cuts this year are a baseline forecast and can be increased or decreased if necessary. The former "big hawk" and Cleveland Fed President Meister also expect to cut interest rates three times this year, and it is not excluded to cut interest rates in June, and the reasons for cutting interest rates in May are insufficient; Both warned of the risk of cutting interest rates prematurely.

　　It is worth noting that the economic data of the United States even triggered speculation about whether the Fed will cut interest rates three times this year. The data released on Tuesday showed that the number of job vacancies in the United States has not changed much compared with the previous value, or it indicates that the labor demand is still stable at a high level in the high interest rate environment.

　　LPL Financial analysts pointed out that although the Fed does expect to cut interest rates sometime this year, the argument that interest rates will be higher for a longer period of time is playing a role again, so this worries the market. He also explained from another angle why the market will pull back. A healthy market really needs to pull back. The current trend is not necessarily a bad thing. The S&P 500 index has still risen by about 9% so far this year. Therefore, the market outlook still needs to keep a close eye on the US economic data.

　　On the enterprise side, Tesla released the latest car delivery data, which was not as good as the market expectation. The share price fell by 4.9% overnight, and it has fallen by nearly one-third during the year, and its market value has been erased by 260 billion US dollars. The data shows that Tesla’s delivery volume in the first quarter decreased by 8.5% year-on-year to about 386,800 vehicles, which was far lower than the analyst’s previous average expectation of 449,080 vehicles, which was the biggest worse than expected in history. During the same period, about 433,400 vehicles were produced, which was also lower than expected.

　　This is also the first time that Tesla has fallen below the 400,000-vehicle mark since the third quarter of 2022, a decrease of over 8.5% compared with the delivery of 422,875 vehicles in the first quarter of last year, recording the first year-on-year decline since the second quarter of 2020.

　　In the first quarter, Tesla faced a double blow of reduced demand for electric vehicles and high interest rates. Analysts had previously lowered their expectations for Tesla’s delivery. Some analysts pointed out that Tesla would experience the first year-on-year sales decline since the early days of the epidemic.

　　In addition, Tesla also faced many obstacles in the first quarter, such as the interruption of the supply of spare parts in the Red Sea caused by the attack of Houthi militia and the temporary suspension of production in the German factory. Although the next generation model is the key to growth, the production of this model is not expected to start until late next year, which means that the company may face the risk of slowing down growth before this.

　　[Hot stocks]

　　Among the popular US stocks, Microsoft fell by 0.74%, Google A by 0.60%, NVIDIA by 1.01%, Amazon by 0.16%, Apple by 0.70%, Meta by 1.23%, AMD by 2.53%, Arm Holdings by 2.07% and Netflix by 0.02%.

　　Due to the delivery of Q1 far less than expected, Tesla fell by 4.9%, and has fallen by nearly one-third during the year.

　　Global stock index

　　In the European stock market, the FTSE 100 index in Britain fell slightly by 0.22% to 7935 points. The French CAC40 index fell slightly by 0.92% to 8130 points. Germany’s DAX index fell 1.13% to 18,283 points.

　　In Asian stock markets, the Hang Seng Index rose 2.36% to 16,932 points. The index of state-owned enterprises rose 2.58% to 5961 points. The Nikkei 225 index fell 0.73% to 39,625 points.

　　[China Stock Market]

　　Nasdaq China Jinlong Index closed up 0.32%. In terms of popular Chinese stocks, Pinduoduo fell by 0.77%, TSMC by 0.88%, Weilai by 2.16%, Xpeng Motors by 2.26%, Alibaba by 0.61%, Baidu by 0.08% and Netease by 1.88%.

　　[foreign exchange commodities]

　　The US dollar index rose first and then fell, once standing above the 105 mark in intraday trading, and once fell to an intraday low of 104.67 during the US session, then rebounded and finally closed down by 0.19% to 104.81.

　　Gold futures for June delivery in the New York Mercantile Exchange closed up 1.09% at $2,281.80 an ounce, a record closing high, having risen to $2,297.70 an ounce in intraday trading. May silver futures closed up 3.39% at $25.923 an ounce.

　　Geopolitical risks have enhanced the attractiveness of gold, while traders have avoided the shadow cast by the strong economic data of the United States on the prospect of the Fed raising interest rates.

　　Oil prices continue to rise due to supply concerns. WTI crude oil rushed above $85 in intraday trading, rising more than 2% in the day, and continued to hit a new high since October last year, finally closing up 1.76% to $85.47/barrel; Brent crude oil also hit a new high since October last year, and finally closed up 2.12% to $89.27/barrel.

　　[Highlights]

　　The Fed reiterated that it is not in a hurry to cut interest rates, but it is still possible to start in June?

　　San Francisco Fed President Daley said that three interest rate cuts this year are a baseline forecast and can be increased or decreased if necessary. Regardless of changing the inflation target, the continuous rise in oil prices will become a problem; The former "Great Hawk" and Cleveland Fed President Meister also expect to cut interest rates three times this year, and it is not excluded to cut interest rates in June, and the reasons for cutting interest rates in May are insufficient; Both warned of the risk of cutting interest rates prematurely.

　　Job vacancies in the United States in February were slightly higher than expected

　　The voluntary turnover rate is the lowest since 2020, and the number of layoffs is the highest in nearly a year. The number of JOLTS vacancies in the United States in February was 8.756 million, slightly better than expected, and the value was revised down to 8.748 million before January. The voluntary turnover rate in February was 2.2%, the lowest level since 2020. Due to the increase in layoffs in the leisure and hotel industries, the number of layoffs has risen to the highest level in the past year.

　　Tesla’s quarterly delivery dropped for the first time in nearly four years, and its market value has evaporated by $260 billion in the year.

　　On Tuesday, Tesla Corporation, an American electric vehicle manufacturer, released a report on automobile production and delivery in the first quarter of 2024. According to the specific data, Tesla delivered a total of 386,810 vehicles in the first three months of this year, far below the analyst’s previous average expectation of 449,080 vehicles, which was the biggest worse than expected. This is also the first time that the company has fallen below the 400,000-vehicle mark since the third quarter of 2022, which is over 8.5% lower than the delivery of 422,875 vehicles in the first quarter of last year, recording the first year-on-year decline since the second quarter of 2020.

　　Intel’s report shows that the loss of its foundry business expanded in 2023.

　　In a document submitted by Intel on Tuesday, Intel said that the sales of its new manufacturing division, Intel Foundry, in 2023 were $18.9 billion, down from $27.5 billion in the previous year, and the operating loss increased from $5.2 billion in 2022 to $7 billion. It is estimated that the loss will reach its peak in 2024 and will be realized at the operational level "in the middle of now to the end of 2030". Intel shares fell more than 2% after the report was released. Intel’s entry into outsourcing chip production is one of the biggest transformations in the company’s history. CEO Pat Gelsinge’s recovery plan also includes restoring the company’s once impeccable technological advantage, which the chip giant lost in the years before he took office in 2021.

　　A major breakthrough in AI pharmaceutical! Stanford SyntheMol model develops new antibiotics

　　According to a report by Stanford Medical College on March 28th, researchers from Stanford Medical College and McMaster University have made important progress in this field. They have developed an AI model called SyntheMol, which can synthesize drugs and create formulas for chemists in the laboratory.

　　The model creatively designed six new drugs for drug-resistant bacterial strain Acinetobacter baumannii, which is one of the main pathogens causing antibiotic resistance-related deaths. The model not only created a new drug structure, but also provided a detailed formula for chemical synthesis, enabling chemists to synthesize these drugs in the laboratory.

　　Abbott’s heart valve repair system has been approved by FDA to provide patients with new treatment options.

　　On Tuesday, US medical and health company Abbott announced that its heart valve repair system has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is suitable for patients with potentially fatal heart disease. Abbott’s minimally invasive transcatheter TriClip repair system aims to treat tricuspid regurgitation (TR), which is a disease in which the valve between the right ventricle and the right atrium of the heart cannot be closed normally, resulting in blood reflux. Abbott has incorporated TriClip into its so-called "Fab 5" () equipment portfolio, which is expected to promote the company’s sales growth in the next few years, representing Abbott’s technological innovation and market leadership in their respective fields.

　　[financial calendar]

September 21, 2011, my hometown in Feicheng, Shandong. According to the custom in the village, on the third day after marriage, Wang Zhibao took Han Ping to the grave, saying that he wanted his new wife to visit his ancestors.

On March 15th, 2013, Wang Zhibao’s mother was hospitalized due to illness in Feicheng Hospital, Shandong Province. Hearing that his mother was unwell, Wang Zhibao hurried back by coach.

February 9, 2013, my hometown in Feicheng, Shandong. On New Year’s Eve, Wang Zhibao had a New Year’s Eve dinner with relatives and friends, while his wife looked after the crying children.

On December 18, 2015, Jinan, Shandong Province, had to go to work during the day, and Wang Zhibao and his wife followed the intermediary to see the second-hand house at night. There is no light in the top building facing the street, so they have to use their mobile phones for lighting.

　　Photographer Liu Lei recorded the life of rural youth Wang Zhibao and his wife Han Ping for seven years in this 10-square-meter rental house in a village in Jinan. From marriage, having children to their daughter’s going to school, they travel between their hometown and the city, with meager income and light sorrow … …

　　In 1986, Wang Zhibao was born in panzhuang, Feicheng City, Tai ‘an City, Shandong Province. Like other children of similar age in the village, he spent his childhood in the dirt. The experience of helping adults do farm work filled his primary school memory. He became familiar with the agricultural knowledge handed down by his ancestors and knew when to plant and when to harvest.

　　The knowledge in books is more difficult to learn than farm work, and Wang Zhibao’s academic performance is always bad. In his own words, the academic performance at that time belonged to the level of "idiot", and the teachers were too lazy to take care of him. But he is optimistic about this — — There are several other "idiots" in the same village: Er Dan in the south of the village, Yandong &hellip in the west of the village; … They naturally became good friends. Although more than ten years have passed, he can still quickly and accurately list the "idiot" students who were connected with the same life at any time, and these students, like his current state, are doing some temporary work in a city and running between the city and the countryside.

　　Wang Zhibao said that people who have never studied in their ancestors for generations seem to need genetic inheritance to read good books. Moreover, the older generation in the village always warned the younger generation that there would be no great promise in farming. Before the second day of junior high school, Wang Zhibao left the village, went to the county to be an apprentice, and began to work.

　　The hardened asphalt road in the county is smoother than the dirt road in the village. Wang Zhibao, who came to the city, felt relieved. Away from my mother’s nagging, I seem to be an independent and mature man in an instant.

　　Later, 17-year-old Wang Zhibao came to Jinan, the provincial capital. He worked as a cable worker, cleaner, hotel room cleaner and chess room attendant. At the age of 22, Wang Zhibao entered the stone renovation industry to do odd jobs, which continues to this day. Wages rose from 70 yuan at that time to 150 yuan now, and sometimes you can earn 200 yuan one lucky day, but you have to wait for the foreman’s phone call to recruit.

　　After some ignorant and failed contacts, he met his wife Han Ping through a friend’s introduction. She came to work in Jinan from Heze rural area with a low education level, but she has a good personality, which can tolerate Wang Zhibao’s natural rebellious temper and does not dislike his meager income. Wang Zhibao also feels that Han Ping is "the kind of person who lives a down-to-earth life". At the end of 2005, Han Ping moved into a 10-square-meter hut he rented near Xishilihe Street in Jinan.

　　In 2011, Wang Zhibao married Han Ping back to his hometown of Feicheng panzhuang. Han Ping was four months pregnant when she stood at the wedding scene in a wedding dress. In order to make up enough months for the unit to pay medical insurance for itself, Han Ping insisted on going to work normally in the shopping mall with a big belly. Wang Zhibao said that this can get maternity leave wages, plus maternity insurance can earn a lot of money.

　　The cost of Jinan hospital is large, and the cost of caesarean section alone is more than 8 thousand yuan, as well as nutrition and other expenses. It’s far from home. If relatives come to take care of Han Ping, their food, drink and accommodation will be another expense, so Wang Zhibao took his wife to his hometown hospital with relatively poor conditions to give birth.

　　In 2012, my daughter fell to the ground. The fortune teller said that his daughter, LMNT, had little soil. After calling many people for advice, he added the word "Yu" to her name.

　　Wang Zhibao’s family of three has rented a 10-square-meter cabin in the village of Jinan, and the house price in the nearby community doubled in 2017 compared with that in 2013. Wang Zhibao had the idea of buying a second-hand house. At the end of 2015, at the instigation of his younger brother, he took a fancy to a street-facing old-top building with an area of 40 square meters and a selling price of 280,000 yuan. After calculation, they still feel that they can’t stand the pressure of paying a down payment of 80,000 yuan and a monthly loan of more than 1,000 yuan, and finally give up. But in just one year, the price of the same type of house has risen to about 400,000 yuan.

　　Without their own house, there is no shortage of happiness in the life of a family of three. The small home is full of her daughter’s snacks and toys, with her paintings and awards on the walls, and photos of a family of three. The aisle at the door was neatly covered with Han Ping’s laundry. On weekends, Wang Zhibao will take his wife and daughter to the park to play. Seeing his daughter running with other children, he wanted to lie on the lawn and have a good sleep.

　　Wang Zhibao said that he likes the freedom and vastness of the city, but his mother who is alone in his hometown is deeply concerned. My father died 10 years ago, and my 70-year-old mother is in poor health, but it is difficult to adapt to the life in the city. He and his younger brother, who also work in Jinan, had to take turns to visit.

　　The villagers said that their family is a real person. Wang Zhibao looks forward to working in the city every day, and works sincerely. Even if his income is meager, his worries drift lightly, and he turns back and forth between his hometown and rented house, year after year. Their daughter will go to primary school next year. According to Jinan’s policy, migrant children must meet the condition that both parents pay social security for one year. There is nothing wrong with Han Ping’s social security. However, Wang Zhibao worked in Jinan for 15 years, but never paid social security … …

　　I don’t know how his sorrow fell this time.